(2008). Currently, no specific drug has been developed to against COVID-19, although some existing drugs have been repurposed and approved for treating hospitalized patients (Ferner and Aronson, 2020; Schlagenhauf et al., 2020). Physiol. 274, L203L211. COVID-19 and its Implications for Thrombosis and Anticoagulation. J. Cel Physiol 235 (12), 95109523. 383 (19), 18131826. doi:10.1165/rcmb.2014-0225OC, Yu, Q., Wang, D., Wen, X., Tang, X., Qi, D., He, J., et al. doi:10.1161/01.RES.0000247065.11756.19, Andr, E., Gatti, R., Trevisani, M., Preti, D., Baraldi, P., Patacchini, R., et al. doi:10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00438.x, Bailey, A. L., Dmytrenko, O., Greenberg, L., Bredemeyer, A. L., Ma, P., Liu, J., et al. Structure, Function, and Antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein. Pulmonary Fibrosis and COVID-19: the Potential Role for Antifibrotic Therapy. (2020a). Polymodal Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type 1 Nocisensor. Decreased Expression of Aquaporin-5 in Bleomycin-Induced Lung Fibrosis in the Mouse fibrosis in the Mouse. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Millions of people in the United States have received COVID-19 vaccines and they are safe and effective at protecting against COVID-19. CDC interim clinical considerations and FDA (2019). (2014). J. Respir. J. Med. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. 2021 May 7;8:644678. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.644678. Amiloride was shown to induce the reduction of ACE2 expression in bronchial and alveolar epithelial cells (Adil et al., 2020) and can counteract the low cytosolic pH which has been observed in COVID-19 patients by acting on Na+/H+ exchanger (Cure and Cumhur Cure, 2020). Preprint. Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. In early April 2021, an 86-year-old man presented to the emergency department with a 1-day history of weakness, dyspnoea and fever. Pulmonary Edema. COVID-19 Vaccine: A Comprehensive Status Report. J. Cel Physiol 234 (11), 2005720065. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 COVID-19 Vaccination: A Case Report Reports of side effects of vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) are increasing worldwide. Some people experience no side effects after vaccination while many will experience mild side effects, such as pain, swelling at the injection site, a headache, chills or a fever. 10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8 doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2002032, Guo, Y.-R., Cao, Q.-D., Hong, Z.-S., Tan, Y.-Y., Chen, S.-D., Jin, H.-J., et al. doi:10.1152/ajplung.1998.275.3.L631, Perkins, G. D., McAuley, D. F., Thickett, D. R., and Gao, F. (2006). Chem. Systemic Reactions. Immune responses to COVID-19 vaccinations may trigger acute exacerbations in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis among susceptible patients, according to data published in the American Journal of. Structure, Function, and Evolution of Coronavirus Spike Proteins. doi:10.7554/eLife.59177, George, P. M., Wells, A. U., and Jenkins, R. G. (2020). The TRP Ion Channel Family. Some of these TCMs along with their constituent and antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 3. [Med. Med. (2020). As the infection progresses, the immune function is impaired, causing damage to multiple organs, additional complications, and eventually death (Yang et al., 2020). ACS Nano 14 (4), 38223835. What's the Link Between ARDS and COVID-19? - Health Physiol. Treatment of Pulmonary Edema by ENaC Activators/Stimulators. Repurposing of Clinically Approved Drugs for Treatment of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in a 2019-novel Coronavirus-Related Coronavirus Model. doi:10.1021/acsnano.0c02624, Walls, A. C., Park, Y.-J., Tortorici, M. A., Wall, A., McGuire, A. T., and Veesler, D. (2020). 1480 (1), 73103. BK is generated by cleavage of high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK) from plasma-kallikrein and binds to the BKB2 receptor, and thus results vascular hemorrhage (Garvin et al., 2020). Inflammatory cytokines and inflammatory storm in COVID-19 patients can strongly induce the expression of HA-synthase-2 (HAS2), while hyaluronidase level decreases, resulting in the accumulation of HA and inducing ARDS and pulmonary edema (Shi. (2019). getting a COVID-19 vaccine is one way to lower the chance of developing . FIGURE 1. Protectin DX Increases Alveolar Fluid Clearance in Rats with Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Acute Lung Injury. doi:10.1111/jcmm.15146, Harada, H., and Takahashi, M. (2007). Biophys. Thorax 69 (1), 4654. XC analyzed and reviewed the research articles as well as drafting the manuscript. JACC: Basic Translational Sci. (2020). Vaccination of Adults with Lung Disease Including Asthma | CDC First, we could not entirely rule out infection, but results of blood cultures and COVID-19 testing were negative. The PubMed wordmark and PubMed logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). (2020). (2014). COVID-19 Vaccine FAQ | American Lung Association For patients recovering from COVID-19 who have persistent, progressive, or new respiratory symptoms, we obtain PFTs including spirometry, lung volumes, and diffusion capacity. Rhinovirus Upregulates Transient Receptor Potential Channels in a Human Neuronal Cell Line: Implications for Respiratory Virus-Induced Cough Reflex Sensitivity. Liu Shen Capsule Shows Antiviral and Anti-inflammatory Abilities against Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 via Suppression of NF-b Signaling Pathway. JAMA 323 (20), 20522059. Existing drugs and inhibitors targeting the components of humoral metabolism may serve as potential treatments for COVID-19 and should be further investigated. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms. Immunol. Pflugers Arch. Other therapeutic options including organ support, glucocorticoid therapy, nutritional support have been applied to COVID-19 clinical treatment without much knowledge of their efficacy. Br. For instance, angiotensin II (Ang II) can typically generate vasoconstriction and sodium retention when binding to the AGTR1 receptor and vice versa via the AGTR2 receptor (Garvin et al., 2020). The activities of the molecules in RAS are ruled by dynamic changes responding to an injury. Generalized Edema and Pseudothrombocytopenia After ChAdOx1 - PubMed doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03148-w, Guan, W.-j., Ni, Z.-y., Hu, Y., Liang, W.-h., Ou, C.-q., He, J.-x., et al. (1985) 93 (4), 15331541. JAMA 324 (5), 460470. IL6 monoclonal antibody or tocilizumab was thought to work by interrupting inflammatory storm after the infection, but the latest clinical study published in NEJM showed that Tocilizumab was not effective in preventing intubation or death in mild hospitalized COVID-19 patients (Stone et al., 2020). Meanwhile, the number of patients in the treatment group presenting improved PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index was higher than that of the control group (95.2% vs. 68.4% and 73.7%). TRPV4: Physiological Role and Therapeutic Potential in Respiratory Diseases. As such, TRPV4 inhibition likely has protective and beneficial effect on mucus clearance and pulmonary edema. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.1585, Wang, Q. Y., Liang, W., Jiang, C., Li, N. Y., Xu, H., Yang, M. N., et al. We observed a case of a delayed local reaction in a 38-year-old woman who had received the first dose of the BNT162b2 vaccine. Proteoglycan Involvement during Development of Lesional Pulmonary Edema. The Clinical Benefits of Chinese Patent Medicines against COVID-19 Based on Current Evidence. Moreover, the constituent Ephedra can trigger bronchodilation, relieve breathing disorders and alleviate pulmonary edema (Zhang et al., 2018). What are the vaccines' side effects? - Mayo Clinic Maresin1 Stimulates Alveolar Fluid Clearance through the Alveolar Epithelial Sodium Channel Na,K-ATPase via the ALX/PI3K/Nedd4-2 Pathway. COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Myocarditis: A Systemic Review and - PubMed doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.3004276, Towne, J. E., Krane, C. M., Bachurski, C. J., and Menon, A. G. (2001). WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard [Online]. Rev. Available: https://covid19.who.int/ (Accessed March 31, 2021). Nature 590, 635641. J. Respir. doi:10.1073/pnas.1216382110, Staub, N. C. (1974). We speculate that treatment of lung-edema will lead to a lower mortality in COVID-19 patients with severe infections. (2001). Negative-feedback Loop Attenuates Hydrostatic Lung Edema via a cGMP-dependent Regulation of Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4. Med. We argue for expeditious clinical testing of this inhibitor in COVID-19 patients with respiratory malfunction and at risk for lung edema. Accumulation of HA can directly induce ARDS and pulmonary edema. These supportive approaches have been shown to be beneficial as adjuvant therapies in COVID-19 patients. doi:10.1161/01.cir.96.6.1847. Water and sodium disturbances along with the unusual serum potassium levels are most common. FIGURE 5. Improving the blood circulation can advance the oxygen supply for organs, accelerate the absorption of fluid and eventually improve pulmonary edema. Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules significantly affect virus morphology, inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication with the IC50 value of 411.2g/ml, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines production at the mRNA level, and show anti-inflammatory effect in vitro (Runfeng et al., 2020). Sci. Urgent reconsideration of lung edema as a preventable outcome in COVID-19: inhibition of TRPV4 represents a promising and feasible approach. J. Respir. In December 2019, a novel coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, appeared, causing a wide range of symptoms, mainly respiratory infection. Patients with SARS-CoV-2-Induced Viral Sepsis Simultaneously Show Immune Activation, Impaired Immune Function and a Procoagulatory Disease State. Besides chemical drugs and compounds we discussed above, natural compounds and TCMs also possess promising antiviral effects against SARS-CoV-2 and had notably contribution in curing COVID-19, especially in alleviating pulmonary edema and preventing the disease development from mild to severe. 275(3), L631L635. The COVID-19 test was negative but with low blood pressure, leukocytosis, skin rash, pulmonary edema, and increased inflammation markers. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. (2020b). doi:10.1308/rcsann.2016.0238, de la Rosa, D. A., Zhang, P., Nray-Fejes-Tth, A., Fejes-Tth, G., and Canessa, C. M. (1999). Res. 2 3 Postauthorisation reports of severe reactions, including anaphylaxis, have been extremely rare, occurring in only 4.5 reported cases per million doses. Indeed, in several preclinical studies, selective TRPV4 inhibition showed efficacy in preventing or attenuating lung edema (Thorneloe et al., 2012). Lipoxin A4 (LXA4) can stabilize the permeability of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cell by regulating the expression of AQP-5 and MMP-9, and reduce alveolar fluid exudation (Shi et al., 2018). (1999). doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.17.040177.001053, Fronius, M. (2013). Matrix Proteinases in Lung Biology. (2017). It has been reported that infection with a respiratory-associated virus can significantly increase the expression and activity of TRPV1 (Abdullah et al., 2014). doi:10.1097/CM9.0000000000000797, Ferner, R. E., and Aronson, J. K. (2020). Natl. Physiol. Although NT-proBNP had an AUC of 0.89 in our patients with acute pulmonary edema, the study that reported an AUC of 0.96 did not include acute pulmonary edema or acute heart failure , and they excluded patients with eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2, a group that constituted nearly half of our patients with hypertensive emergency. [Effect of Astragali Radix in Improving Early Renal Damage in Metabolic Syndrome Rats through ACE2/Mas Pathway]. Med Res 7 (1), 11. doi:10.1186/s40779-020-00240-0, Han, D.-Y., Nie, H.-G., Gu, X., Nayak, R. C., Su, X.-F., Fu, J., et al. Besides those direct causes of COVID-19 pulmonary edema, there are other factors that can be described as abnormal humoral metabolism which can influence the AFC and PFC, resulting the manifestation of pulmonary edema (Figure 3 Cause of COVID-19 pulmonary edema). As the activation of AT1 receptor promotes the pulmonary edema, AT1 receptor blockers (ARBs) like losartan, valsartan may be effective in decreasing pulmonary edema. doi:10.1101/2020.03.31.20038935, Yang, R., Liu, H., Bai, C., Wang, Y., Zhang, X., Guo, R., et al. doi:10.1002/path.2987, Wrapp, D., Wang, N., Corbett, K. S., Goldsmith, J. (2021). Received: 05 February 2021; Accepted: 25 May 2021;Published: 07 June 2021. 11. Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies (2020). -, Ahmed M. H., Hassan A. Invest. Thus, it could be a potential RdRp inhibitor for SARS-CoV-2 (Lung et al., 2020). Gut 69 (6), 10101018. doi:10.1007/s00281-016-0557-1, de Maat, S., de Mast, Q., Danser, A. H. J., van de Veerdonk, F. L., and Maas, C. (2020). Am. Phytomedicine 85, 153315. doi:10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153315, Zhou, Z., Wang, S.-Q., Liu, Y., and Miao, A.-D. (2006). 2023 Feb 15;12(4):1542. doi: 10.3390/jcm12041542. (2020). doi:10.1056/NEJMoa013183, Sayegh, R., Auerbach, S. D., Li, X., Loftus, R. W., Husted, R. F., Stokes, J. The -Agonist Lung Injury Trial (Balti). After getting vaccinated for COVID-19, you might experience some temporary symptoms similar to those you might notice when you get a flu shot, such as a sore, swollen arm where you got the shot. Other anti-viral drugs, such as arbidol, chloroquine phosphate and ritonavir, did not exhibit efficacy in randomized, placebo-controlled trials in COVID-19 patients. Care 21 (1), 305. doi:10.1186/s13054-017-1882-z, Zhang, H., Kang, Z., Gong, H., Xu, D., Wang, J., Li, Z., et al. Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Invited Review: Active Fluid Clearance from the Distal Air Spaces of the Lung. COVID-19: Urgent Reconsideration of Lung Edema as a Preventable Outcome: Inhibition of TRPV4 As a Promising and Feasible Approach. Pharmacol. (2006) reported that the cryptotanshinone in Salvia miltiorrhiz can inhibit the synthesis of cGMP and NO in vein endothelial cells, activate NO/cGMP pathway and improve the blood circulation. J. Med. The abnormal humoral metabolism in lungs and the resulting pulmonary edema have become the main life-threatening factors in COVID-19 patients. First post-authorization U.S. doses of Janssen COVID -19 Vaccine. This may be due to lingering inflammation and other factors. Was this helpful? Transient Receptor Potential Channels in Pulmonary Chemical Injuries and as Countermeasure Targets. Its active absorption of Na+ is the main driving force of fluid clearance at birth and alveolar fluid absorption at adult stage (Bardou et al., 2012). doi:10.3109/08923973.2014.968256, Jiang, Y.-x., Dai, Z.-l., Zhang, X.-p., Zhao, W., Huang, Q., and Gao, L.-k. (2015). Coronavirus Disease 2019 Treatment A Review of Early and Emerging Options. It has been revealed that COVID-19 patients treated with Lian-Hua-Qing-Wen capsules for 14days resulted in a considerably higher recovery rate of 91.5%, a dramatically shorter median time to symptom recovery of 7days than the control group, which applied conventional treatment (Hu et al., 2021). 102 (8), 966974. Lab. Pulmonary capillary leak syndrome following COVID-19 virus infection J Med Virol. Physiol. The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.002, Chen, S.-y., Bhargava, A., Mastroberardino, L., Meijer, O. C., Wang, J., Buse, P., et al. The Role of Proteoglycans in Pulmonaryedema Development. Heart Circ. Purpose To investigate pulmonary vascular abnormalities at CT pulmonary angiography (CT-PE) in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pneumonia. It has been shown that the incidence and severity of COVID-19 are closely related to abnormal metabolism of inorganic salts. 2, 26372646. (2020). Crit. Medicines 16 (11), 811828. MeSH Semin. According to previous studies, activation of AT1 receptor inhibits AFC by down-regulating cAMP and dysregulating ENaC expression, leading to Ang II-dependent pulmonary edema and alveolar filling increase (Deng et al., 2012). Salmeterol for the Prevention of High-Altitude Pulmonary Edema. doi:10.1101/2020.02.13.20022673, Alvarez, D. F., King, J. It has already been shown that the dysregulated release of cytokines is one of the key factors behind poor outcomes in COVID-19 patients. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the Lancet Respir. Amiloride, a prototypic inhibitor of ENaC, might also have a potential in treating COVID-19 patients. The most common COVID-19 vaccine side effects include local injection site pain, fever, chills, myalgias, headache and fatigue, with resolution usually in a few days ( 1, 2 ). Keywords: Santos JLF, Zanardi P, Alo V, Dos Santos V, Bovone L, Rodriguez M, Magdaleno F, De Langhe V, Villoldo A, Martinez Souvielle R, Alconcher J, Quiros D, Milicchio C, Garcia Saiz E. J Clin Med. Physiol. Physiol. In these patients, white blood cells count, neutrophil count and D-dimer level keep rising while lymphocyte count keeps decreasing as the disease progresses. doi:10.1203/00006450-199908000-00014, Christ-Crain, M., Hoorn, E. J., Sherlock, M., Thompson, C. J., and Wass, J. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00255.2019, Zhang, B.-M., Wang, Z.-B., Xin, P., Wang, Q.-H., Bu, H., and Kuang, H.-X. Perplexingly, successful balance of lung humoral metabolism may lead to the reduction of the number of COVID-19 death limiting the possibility of healthcare services with insufficient capacity to provide ventilator-assisted respiration. As RAS plays an important role in PFC and AFC, astragaloside IV from Astragalus propinquus is able to protect kidney and respiratory by activating the ACE2-Ang-(17)-Mas pathway in RAS and improving ACE2, Ang-(17), Mas level (Wang et l., 2015; Qu, 2019). Consequently, the use of bradykinin antagonists is supposed to be regarded as a strategy for COVID-19 treatment interventions. doi:10.1016/j.antiviral.2006.04.014, Hofer, C. C., Woods, P. S., and Davis, I. C. (2015). doi:10.1165/ajrcmb.20.5.3382, Pascarella, G., Strumia, A., Piliego, C., Bruno, F., Del Buono, R., Costa, F., et al. 291 (6), L1207L1219. A., et al. doi:10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30079-5, Yang, Y., Islam, M. S., Wang, J., Li, Y., and Chen, X. Cepharanthine: a Review of the Antiviral Potential of a Japanese-approved Alopecia Drug in COVID-19. doi:10.1007/s43440-020-00132-z, Runfeng, L., Yunlong, H., Jicheng, H., Weiqi, P., Qinhai, M., Yongxia, S., et al. (2017). (2010). 2020 Mar 23:3558887. doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3558887. Janssen COVID-19 Vaccine. In addition, HA is a part of a three-dimensional matrix in pulmonary interstitial, which consists of HA, PGs and fibrillar macromolecules providing resistance to tissue compression and interstitial fluid expansion (Negrini et al., 2008).When PGs and HA interact with collagen IV, a fibrillar macromolecule modulating capillary permeability in the vascular basement membrane, the compound substance limit fluid influx into the interstitium. However, palpable lymphadenopathy commonly involving the axilla as an immune response to vaccination may present a clinical diagnostic dilemma especially in persons with . doi:10.1074/jbc.274.53.37834, De Logu, F., Patacchini, R., Fontana, G., and Geppetti, P. (2016). CDC/FDA lift pause. The structure of coronavirus (Figure 1 A vision of coronavirus with the minimal set of structural proteins.) Moreover, other drugs which can regulate immune system like hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin may also show effects in treating SARS-COV-2-induced pulmonary edema and their effectiveness in treating SARS-COV-2 infections should be further investigated. As reported, PaO2/FiO2 and ROX index of patients receiving conventional treatment combined with toad venom injection (20ml/day) improved significantly (111.30 to 35.90 for PaO2/FiO2 and 7.56 to 2.94 for ROX). Traditional Chinese Medicine in the Treatment of Patients Infected with 2019-New Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): A Review and Perspective. Pharmacol. (2020). A., and Cook, D. I. Res. Lancet Respir. Systems Pharmacological Study Illustrates the Immune Regulation, Anti-infection, Anti-inflammation, and Multi-Organ protection Mechanism of Qing-Fei-Pai-Du Decoction in the Treatment of COVID-19. *Correspondence: Hongyue Ma, hongyuema@njutcm.edu.cn; Edyta Marcon, edyta.marcon@utoronto.ca; Jing Zhou, zhoujing_nj@126.com, Abnormal Lung Humoral Metabolism in COVID-19, Conventional Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Putative Drug Targets for Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19 Patients, Natural Compounds and Traditional Chinese Medicines for the Treatment of Pulmonary Edema in COVID-19, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349, https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.664349/full#supplementary-material, http://www.nhc.gov.cn/yzygj/s7653p/202003/46c9294a7dfe4cef80dc7f5912eb1989.shtml. medRxiv. SARS-CoV-2 Infects Human Engineered Heart Tissues and Models COVID-19 Myocarditis. Shapiro, S. D. (2001). Am. Pulmonary edema is the disequilibrium between formation and reflux of lung tissue fluid leading to the absorption of massive tissue fluid by lung lymph and vein failure. Neurosci. A. H. (2020). FEBS Lett. Also, thrombocytopenia and thrombosis have been mostly reported after AstraZeneca (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) and Johnson & Johnson/Janssen COVID-19 vaccines [ 3 ]. Presenting Characteristics, Comorbidities, and Outcomes Among 5700 Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City Area. J. Pathol. 158, 104850. doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2020.104850, Ma, Q., Qiu, M., Zhou, H., Chen, J., Yang, X., Deng, Z., et al. 11 (1), 65. doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-65, Han, J., Li, H., Bhandari, S., Cao, F., Wang, X. Y., Tian, C., et al. Moreover, exogenous delivery of Ang (17) was shown to play a part in reducing inflammation and improving pulmonary function in ARDS models (Wosten-van Asperen et al., 2011). (2020b). HA is a polysaccharide existing in most connective tissues which can trap approximately 1,000 times its weight in water and form hydrogel. Papi A, Stapleton RD, Shore PM, Bica MA, Chen Y, Larbig M, Welte T. Lung. SN Compr. N. Engl. et al., 2020). Mechanism of inhibiting ENaC inducing pulmonary edema. 4 Respir. A., Weber, D., Addison, E., Liedtke, W., and Townsley, M. I. Annu. Virol. In March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) a pandemic, therefore the efforts of scientists around the world are focused on finding the right treatment and vaccine for the novel disease. Drug Discov. Adv. Ann. Epub 2020 Jun 29. Biochim. Some natural compounds along with their antiviral and reducing pulmonary edema mechanisms are shown in Table 2. 2020 Jun 1;318(6):L1239-L1243. COVID-19, an infectious disease caused by a severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has a global reach. Chinese Medicine (TCMs), already widely used in China, may also be beneficial in addressing pulmonary edema in COVID-19 patients (Zhang et al., 2020; Yang et al., 2020d). Mechanism of BK inducing pulmonary edema and potential drugs. medRxiv. 2021 Jan;93(1):94-96. doi: 10.1002/jmv.26152. J. Nat. Qu, G. J. (2020). Currently, many clinical trials are in progress to test coronavirus treatment, including new drugs and drug repurposing or repositioning. Sci. doi:10.1001/jama.2020.4783, Shi, N., Liu, B., Liang, N., Ma, Y., Ge, Y., Yi, H., et al. N. Engl. Authors Mabrouk Bahloul 1 . J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. Nat. Am. 2021 Jun 7;12:664349. doi: 10.3389/fphar.2021.664349. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! Elevated pulmonary venous pressure leads to faster fluid infiltration into the interstitial lung than the ability of the pulmonary lymphatic vessel to drain away fluid, resulting in pulmonary edema. Epub 2020 Jun 20. COVID-19 Vaccine and Pulmonary Embolism: Is There a Link? - Healthline Alveolar macrophage dysfunction and cytokine storm in the pathogenesis of two severe COVID-19 patients. 64 (15), 20062012. doi:10.1007/s42399-020-00610-8, Ai, J.-W., Zhang, H.-C., Xu, T., Wu, J., Zhu, M., Yu, Y.-Q., et al. When to. J. Biol. doi:10.1164/rccm.200905-0665OC, Bull, M. B., and Laragh, J. H. (1968). doi:10.1152/ajplung.00285.2017, Beigel, J. H., Tomashek, K. M., Dodd, L. E., Mehta, A. K., Zingman, B. S., Kalil, A. C., et al. As of Sunday, at least 16,183 people had filed complaints with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that they'd developed tinnitus, or ringing in their ears, after receiving a Covid vaccine. doi:10.1038/s41418-020-0530-3, Shi, Z., Ye, W., Zhang, J., Zhang, F., Yu, D., Yu, H., et al. doi:10.4268/cjcmm20152124, Wang, Q., Zheng, X., Cheng, Y., Zhang, Y.-L., Wen, H.-X., Tao, Z., et al. 313 (5), L845L858. Ijerph 17 (15), 5320. doi:10.3390/ijerph17155320, Kunzelmann, K., Beesley, A. H., King, N. J., Karupiah, G., Young, J. Digestive System Is a Potential Route of COVID-19: an Analysis of Single-Cell Coexpression Pattern of Key Proteins in Viral Entry Process. CD44-dependent Intracellular and Extracellular Catabolism of Hyaluronic Acid by Hyaluronidase-1 and -2. Am. Disclaimer. TRPA1 distributes on C-fibers throughout the respiratory system (De Logu et al., 2016). Am. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted Infection and replication process of SARS-CoV-2. Some others will likely be approved soon (Kaur and Gupta, 2020; Thanh Le et al., 2020). Side effects of the coronavirus vaccines | NHS inform JAMA 323 (16), 15821589. When there, the virus itself and virus-mediated protein-protein interactions lead to the lung inflammatory storm responsible for the observed increasing vascular permeability in lung and pulmonary edema (Tang et al., 2020). Am. These proteins include ion channels (Na channel, K channel and TRPV4), aquaporins (AQP), renin angiotensin system (RAS) proteins, and bradykinin/hyaluronic acid-related enzymes. Regulation of ENaC and CFTR Expression with K+ Channel Modulators and Effect on Fluid Absorption across Alveolar Epithelial Cells. 146 (6), 14541455. However, the efficacy and safety of these drugs in COVID-19 patients are unclear. (2020). PCTR1 Improves Pulmonary Edema Fluid Clearance through Activating the Sodium Channel and Lymphatic Drainage in Lipopolysaccharideinduced ARDS. (2020). eCollection 2021. 6, 331345. With treatment, most people with this type of pulmonary edema recover in about 24 hours. Xue-Bi-Jing injection may act in COVID-19 by anti-inflammatory, anticoagulation, immune regulation, vascular endothelial protection, anti-oxidative stress and other mechanisms (Li et al., 2021). N. Engl. Who (2021). J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. (2020a). Infection of Mice with Influenza A/WSN/33 (H1N1) Virus Alters Alveolar Type II Cell Phenotype. New theories of the possible link between Covid shots and tinnitus are 96 (5), 25142519. Physiol. Dexmedetomidine can upregulate AQP-1 and AQP-5 expression in rats with acute lung injury induced by LPS and thus induce pulmonary edema (Jiang et al., 2015). J. Ethnopharmacology 265, 113301. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2020.113301, Li, F. (2016). Cell. J. Physiology-Lung Cell Mol. As in lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury, docosahexaenoic acid and its derivatives stimulate AFC through alveolar ENaC, Na,K-ATPase via ALX/cAMP/PI3K pathway (Wang et al., 2014; Zhang et al., 2017). Mohanty SK, Satapathy A, Naidu MM, Mukhopadhyay S, Sharma S, Barton LM, Stroberg E, Duval EJ, Pradhan D, Tzankov A, Parwani AV. 2023 Apr;201(2):159-170. doi: 10.1007/s00408-023-00615-9. Natural compounds can inhibit the binding between the virus and the ACE2 receptor of host cells.