He advanced the idea of a concurrent majority, a majority of a separate region (that would otherwise be in the minority of the nation) with the power to veto or disallow legislation put forward by a hostile majority. no, by 1850, less than 2,000 Southerners owned over 100 slaves and were usually politicians and aristocrats did some southerners own no slaves? When the Second Presbyterian Church of Charleston opened in 1850 to serve the slave and free black community, James Henley Thornwell delivered the dedication sermon to a crowd of both white and black congregantsa sermon that underscores how the average Southern preacher saw how slavery and religious values could coexist: The slave has rights, all the rights which belong essentially to humanity, and without which his nature could not be human or his conduct susceptible of praise or blame. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. There were three main causes of the civil war including slavery, sectionalism and secession. 1011). . All rights reserved. what did black abolitionist David Walker do? White southerners became more committed to quashing antislavery ideas. What basic premise underlies his ideas? Despite his assurances that he would take no action against slavery where it existed, Lincoln was labeled an "abolitionist" by many Southern leaders. Slaveholders were told that they must protect the system of slavery, and doing so would protect their financial interests. The institution of slavery became even more entrenched in the South because of the increasing importance of, The prosperity of the southern yeoman was limited by the lack of, large numbers of surplus slaves were sold from the upper South to the lower South. JSTOR Daily readers can access the original research behind our articles for free on JSTOR. It has kept pace with its brethren in other sections of the Union where slavery does not exist. You cannot download interactives. A key issue was states rights. In the North, the abolitionist cause was the driving force behind the message from religious institutions and theologians. How did the Confederate Constitution handle the issue of slavery quizlet? . Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Abolitionists were a divided group. How does Calhoun go beyond the traditional legal defenses of slavery and attempt to convince the audience that slavery is, indeed, good for all involved? . half were in the north and half were in the south, but many were in Louisiana. While many members of the Southern clergy (some of whom were men of national distinction) privately had questions about slavery, many others did notand in fact saw slavery as sanctioned by the Bible. White Southerners believed Northern abolitionists encouraged slave revolts, while Southern efforts to silence the abolitionists aroused Northern fears about freedom of speech. 1830s Area in the south that was a hotbed for cotton production. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); From an anti-abolitionist, pro-slavery cartoon, 1800. The conflicting elements would burst the Union asunder, powerful as are the links which hold it together. Which description best describes the "gang" labor that many slaves performed on large plantations? On the other hand, abolitionist arguments against slavery challenged proslavery apologists to push slave evangelization: If slavery was to be defended as a positive good, the slaves had to be converted to Christianity and master-slave relations had to be conducted along biblical lines. SOUTH, THE Abolitionists were a divided group. John Lafayette Girardeau (18251898), the Presbyterian preacher at a small church off the coast of South Carolina, held services for both white and black parishioners and then separate services for slaves. They were of the opinion that slaves even had better lives than factory workers. Southern states seceded from the union in order to protect their states rights, the institution of slavery, and disagreements over tariffs. window.__mirage2 = {petok:"fnEDtBydh4cCYOf_hqpynad7Vzo8opegdVfoKL6amBI-86400-0"}; It came under the leadership of William Lloyd Garrison, a Boston journalist and social reformer. . . Sig= used by Texans as a rallying point. In the 1830s, southern apologists in the South argued that slavery was a positive good because it allowed an elegant lifestyle for white elites and provided protection for inferior Africans. Moreover, in addition to their sincerity of faith, the slaves valued religion because it gave them an opportunity to communicate with their fellow slaves in a more relaxed and natural way. What was the primary source of income for most yeoman farmers? If political power went to a majority that was hostile to slavery, the Southand the honor of White southernerswould be imperiled. The Constitution itself had four clauses that indirectly addressed slavery and the slave trade though it did not actually use those terms. There was a greater sense of community and better living conditions on plantations. In fact, it was the economics of slavery and political control of that system that was central to the conflict. The rest of Palmer's sermon is an exhortation to stand firm against the reformers and the Northeven if that means secession. Tolbert County, Maryland Boles, John B. Which statement is true of cotton agriculture in the pre-Civil War era? The popularity of tanning rose in the early twentieth century, when bronzed skin signaled a life of leisure, not labor. In what way did the Confederate Constitution differ from the United States Constitution quizlet? in the 1820s, did the south or the north have more antislavery societies? Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. . Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a positive good. He went further, making legal arguments about the Constitution protecting states rights to preserve slavery. Included Virginia, South Carolina, and Louisiana. The most profitable commodity bought and sold in the upper tier of southern states was. did not create uniform prosperity throughout the region. What Are The Hot Pools In Yellowstone Called. what was the main goal of early abolitionist societies? Watch this video from Heimlers History channel to learn more about some of the main pro-slavery arguments, including the social hierarchy argument, the civilization argument, the economic argument, the racial argument, and the biblical argument. Most online reference entries and articles do not have page numbers. According to this formulation, no single human family origin existed, and Black people made up a race wholly separate from the White race. Gale Library of Daily Life: American Civil War. Southerners provided enslaved persons with care from birth to death, he asserted; this offered a stark contrast to the wage slavery of the North, where workers were at the mercy of economic forces beyond their control. he published Appeal to the Colored Citizens of the World in 1829, she fought for black emancipation and women's rights in New York, he advocated the idea of mass recolonization of Africa, he escaped slavery in 1838 and gave a speech at an 1841 Massachusetts antislavery meeting; he gave lectures and published his autobiography in 1845, a political party founded in 1840 with support from political abolitionists. no, by 1860, the majority of southern slaves had become Americanized. Confederate Constitution explicitly supported slavery and asserted state rights. Help us keep publishing stories that provide scholarly context to the news. Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes To many Southern ministers, slavery conferred upon slaveholders a sense of responsibility for the souls of their slaves. I hold then, that there never has yet existed a wealthy and civilized society in which one portion of the community did not, in point of fact, live on the labor of the other. The American Board of Foreign Missions (specifically its Northern members) refused to send him on a new mission unless he gave up the slaves. Sig= provided insight into the horrible life of a slave. Which statement best describes a major disadvantage to the extensive cotton production that took place in the Deep South? . Southern apologists argued that the institution of slavery was a "positive good" because it subsidized an elegant lifestyle for a white elite and provided tutelage for genetically inferior Africans. The abolitionist movement emerged in states like New York and Massachusetts. Abolition and the Union cannot coexist. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. European settlers brought a system of slavery with them to the western hemisphere in the 1500s. In the meantime, the White or European race, has not degenerated. On one side were advocates like Garrison, who called for an immediate end to slavery. "Remember the Alamo". Members of the Southern clergy, who had their own feelings of devotion toward their home states, approved the notion that a well-intentioned South was being morally condemned by a self-righteous and arrogant North. If that were impossible, it was thought, then the North and South should part ways. mandated by the United States Constitution. Privacy Policy Contact Us . Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Abolitionism, meanwhile, was in itself a heterogeneous movement. Because each style has its own formatting nuances that evolve over time and not all information is available for every reference entry or article, Encyclopedia.com cannot guarantee each citation it generates. The moral component of the argument fell into the hands of the clergyand a surprisingly large number of Southern ministers offered a rational moral justification for slavery. Interestingly, many white preachers made it a point of preaching to slave congregations; some turned their ministries exclusively to slaves. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Which identifies an advantage to slaves living on large plantations with stable slave populations?, Which practice provides the best evidence against the idea of benevolent planters who looked after the best welfare of their slaves?, Nonslaveholders in the South followed the leadership of slave owners because they and more. Scriptural and Statistical Views in Favor of Slavery. Instead, Calhoun insisted, slavery was a "positive good.". Slavery had been an important economic institution in the South from early colonial days, less so in the more industrialized North. In this 1837 speech, John C. Calhoun, then a U.S. senator, vigorously defended the institution of slavery and stated the essence of this new intellectual defense of the institution: Southerners must stop apologizing for slavery and reject the idea that it was a necessary evil. Such other denominations as the Lutherans, Episcopalians, and Roman Catholics were affected by the slavery issue, although they did not have any formal separations until after the secession began (Hudson 1987, p. 193). The slaves in particular enjoyed Girardeau's sermons, and he noted their enthusiasm: [They] pour in and throng the seats vacated by their mastersyes, crowding the building up to the pulpit. To put teeth into the act, Congress passed a law in March 1862 prohibiting the return of slaves. It afforded greater long-term security In the upper tier of southern states, the principal slave-produced commodity was. Washington Irving, The Slavery Issue: Western Politics and the Compromise of 1850, https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/slavery-apologists, Preserving the Institution of Slavery: An Overview. The senator from Illinois opposed slavery but was cautious about supporting the abolitionists. They found ample support for slavery in both the Old and New Testaments and pointed out that the great civilizations of the ancient worldEgypt, Greece, and Romewere slave societies. It illustrates southern leaders intense suspicion of democratic majorities and their ability to effect legislation that would challenge southern interests. Having slavery gave poor white farmers a feeling of social superiority over blacks. If the United States possesses an off, Before slavery became a fixture on the North American mainland, Europeans, both Catholics and Protestants, debated the relationship between African s, The Sky is Gray by Ernest J. Gaines, 1968, The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent. Calhoun became a leading political theorist defending slavery and the rights of the South, which he saw as containing an increasingly embattled minority. New York: Neale Publishing Company, 1911. There was, moreover, growing revulsion at the ruthlessness of slave hunters under the Fugitive Slave Law (1850), and the far-reaching emotional response to Harriet Beecher Stowes antislavery novel Uncle Toms Cabin (1852) further strengthened the abolitionist cause. promin, Slavery Theological justification from their ministers allowed them to believe that not only did God sanction slavery, but slaverys supporters were better Christians and more faithful interpreters of Biblical text than were their opponents. The slave-owning class was small, but it was supported by the overwhelming majority of churches and ministers., Considering they saw themselves as doing Gods work, white Southerners were shocked by the military defeat of the Confederacy. yes, they dreamed of becoming rich and owning slaves, and their pride in their race would be diluted if the slaves were freed, independent small farmers in the Appalachians who owned no slaves and supported the Union. I'm also a big believer in lifelong learning- there's always something new to learn! Escaped from slavery to become one of the most Southern Literary Messenger 30, no. Must I pause to show how it has fashioned our modes of life, and determined all our habits of thought and feeling, and moulded the very type of our civilization? New Orleans, LA: n.p., 1860. ." The Confederate Constitution made alterations of individual rights easier than under the U.S. Constitution. what did the Virginia legislature do about slavery in 1831 and 1832? The practice took hold in the English colonies in North America, too.