average citation rates by field 2020

PLOS ONE promises fair, rigorous peer review, However, their citation records are substantial enough not to be affected by small variations and they should be broadly representative of peer expectations about standards and good practice in publication and citation behaviour. Assessing insularity in global science. Thus, we can consider the core referencing behaviour of the overall group of Highly Cited Researchers, as research leaders, to be in accordance with precedents previously established. Very importantly, however, the data here and in the Appendix show that in some fields, within the central normal range and below the statistical threshold, there can be a well-populated and unproblematic upper decile and even upper percentile. It allows for contextual understanding as to the nature, purpose and motivation of the citingauthor/s and is a traditional tool for measuring impact using publication data. The following chart shows the differences between Citation Impact of various subject categories. Porter, A. L. (1977). The false myth of the rise in self-citations, and the impressively positive effect of bibliometric evaluations on the increase of the impact of Italian research. 2018; Andersen et al. To explore the variation in self-citation by field, a standard visualisation was created to evaluate the profile of the bulk of the population and the location within that profile of the median and upper and lower quartiles. The bulk of these followed a continuous range towards the high end of which there was a steeper change in trajectory and substantively higher self-citation rates with points lying outside the continuous range. The question is pertinent because self-citation has featured in recent publications that address the possible misrepresentation of research performance by individuals and, specifically, attempts to game citation scores (Baccini et al. A citation rate is the average number of citations received by a group of papers published in one research field in a given year. Elsevier Scopus provides traditional citation counts, the Field Weighted Citation Impact (FWCI) and benchmarking. Citation counts follow mostly a lognormal distribution, except for the long tail, which is better fit by a power law.[17]. Merton, R. K. (1957). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11192-007-1779-8. Gender differences in synchronous and diachronous self-citations. Self-citation can inflate h-index. Funding: The authors received no specific funding for this work. Koler-Povh et al. The levels we have selected for listing by field and year are 0.01%, 0.1%, 1.0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%. ISBN 0 2625 37933. In this paper we report our investigations as to whether there is a typical or normal range of self-citation for each of 21 discipline-based fields employed in Essential Science Indicators (ESI: these are listed in the Appendix Table1) and we describe a graphical test for significant outliers. PMC offers a feature that allows for location of citing works in PMC. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. CINAHL offers a Cited References feature that provides a list of citations that cite a particular publication in the CINAHL database. Non-citation rates vary enormously by field. Using information provided in Clarivate's 2020 Journal Citation Reports [] published on June 30, 2021, the top three journals by impact factor were selected from eight scientific categories as defined by WOS.Disciplines were selected based on the likelihood of having high relevancy to Covid-19 and, therefore, a sufficient volume of Covid-19-related papers in that field . We considered a variety of thresholds, but as visual guidelines we found that the accepted box-plot standard of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range worked well. 2018; Baccini et al. Such considerations stem from the Mertonian notion of a citation as a repayment of an intellectual debt, which in turn provides reward in the form of community recognition to those so credited (Small 2004). The process captured in Fig. Analysis of the world's 20 largest publishers by volume, ranked by average number of citations in 2020 received by articles published in 2017, 2018 and 2019 (Dimensions, 2021). Schubert, A., Glnzel, W., & Thijs, B. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology,54(3), 251259. From one perspective, self-citation functions in the same way as any cited reference appended to a paper: it points to publications on which the present work depends, is related, or is positioned by the author. Google Scholar. Bartneck, C., & Kokkelmans, S. (2011). Discover a faster, simpler path to publishing in a high-quality journal. Robert J. McDonald, 750 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705-2221 Published 2016 Sep 6. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1002541. 2019; Kacem et al. Brooks, T. A. Baccini, A., De Nicolao, G., & Petrovich, E. (2019). interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. VCH-Wiley. (2016). Ioannidis et al. (608) 262-2020 When quoting verse, maintain original line breaks. Galvez, R. H. (2017). The distribution of the average percentage of references that were to self-papers and citations that were from self-papers for each Highly Cited Researcher was calculated. Correspondence to Amidst all of this, there has been an explosion of peer-reviewed literature about Covid-19 as researchers work to uncover details such as structure, infectivity, spread, effects, prevention, and treatment of this novel virus. It is used by academic institutions in decisions about academic tenure, promotion and hiring, and hence also used by authors in deciding which journal to publish in. https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2020-DON229, https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-00253-8, https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-1911-march-2020, https://www.webofscience.com/wos/woscc/basic-search, https://jcr.clarivate.com/jcr/home?Init=Yes&SrcApp=IC2LS, Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions. The AWCR is very useful, but it only works if publishers enter the dates of their online materials correctly. A baseline of 15 Covid-19 articles was set as a requirement for a journal to be included. 5a, b). 2017; Mishra et al. The median citation rate at two years for Covid-19 articles in the top journals across all eight fields is 120.79 (p = <0.001). Classification method for detecting coercive self-citation in journals. Geosciences papers is 9.54, and for Immunology papers it is 20.38. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. https://doi.org/10.2307/2580486. [50] This finding has suggested a universal citation impact measure that extends the h-index by properly rescaling citation counts and resorting publications, however the computation of such a universal measure requires the collection of extensive citation data and statistics for every discipline and year. We estimated the effect of Covid-19 subject on citation counts using a negative binomial regression model. Scientometrics,91(3), 943953. The expected number of citations articles of the same field, publication type, and publication year have received within the same time period is 18. The narrow definition would require a specific authors name on both citing and cited documents; the broad view would describe a self-citation as any instance in which any author name appears on the two (scientist B, without scientist A as an author, citing a paper by scientist A and B), sometimes called all-author to all-author self-citation. Figure3 presents clear visual confirmation that the self-referencing rate across most fieldsshown here by rank order of the medianis rather low with a very consistent pattern which includes all but the most-citing three or four fields. The citationimpact (average citations per paper) baseline for each variant of subject, year and document type will be calculated as the meanaverage: Where: e = the expected citation rate or baseline, c = Times Cited, p = the number of papers, f = the field or subject area, t = year, andd = document type. Open access scientometrics and the UK Research Assessment Exercise. [1][2][3][4][5] Citation counts are interpreted as measures of the impact or influence of academic work and have given rise to the field of bibliometrics or scientometrics,[6][7] specializing in the study of patterns of academic impact through citation analysis. By analyzing a global sample of 4 million authors and 26 million scientific papers, this study finds that the top 1% most-cited scientists have increased their cumulative citation shares from 14 to 21% between 2000 and 2015 and that the Gini coefficient for citation imbalance has risen from 0.65 to 0.70. (2004a). https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SCIE.0000045117.13348.b1. (2004). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000384. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02019738. Any paper published in the If you score a 1060, that means you're slightly above the 50th percentile: about half of the people taking the test scored higher than you and half scored lower. This holds even when article volume is equated using a 1:1 sample of non-Covid to Covid articles as median citation is six times greater for the Covid-19 articles. The Frontiers Neuroscience journal series includes all Frontiers journals in the field of Neuroscience. Bjrk, B. C., Kanto-Karvonen, S., & Harviainen, J. T. (2020). The following excerpt from a Citation Rates table reveals that on average, a paper from a Geosciences research field published in 2008 received 9.55 citations, and a paper from an Immunology research field published in 2008 received 20.42 citations. 2. JIF is a commonly used surrogate to determine journal excellence and is calculated by dividing number of citations in the current year for articles published in the previous two years by total number of articles published in that journal during the previous two years [21]. Social Studies of Science,5(1), 8692. We will show below that the range of self-citation rates among Highly Cited Researchers follows a negative binomial distribution (NBD). ESI provides Field Baseline tables based on specific research fields for citation analysis: Citation Rates and Percentiles. How frequently are articles in predatory open access journals cited. *Neurosciences: The ranking is calculated from total citations for all journals in the Frontiers Neuroscience journal series, in the Neuroscience subject area (JCR 2021 update). The number of times Covid-19 publications are being cited throughout the literature appears remarkably high but has not been directly compared to non-Covid-19 papers in the same journals over an extended period. The upper quartile values rise from 3% (ECB) to 11% (ENG). See the Establishing Your Author Name tab. [51][52] Kaur et al. Note: RCRs are only available for articles in PubMed. Research suggests the impact of an article can be, partly, explained by superficial factors and not only by the scientific merits of an article. Citation frequency is highly skewed, with many infrequently cited papers and 10-year period. Average citations increased from 3.9 in 2019 to 4.8 in 2020 for every article published with us. Pharmacology & Toxicology (PHT) is also an outlier with a median of 0%. Aksnes, D. W., Langfeldt, L. & Wouters, P. (2019). A high rate of self-referencing may reflect research in a specialty area or convey a pattern of a cohesive and sustained research program (Cooke and Donaldson 2014). Eventually, strict regulations and vaccine rollouts were implemented with enough success to begin to slow case growth [4]. In this paper we consider self-referencing and self-citing, describe the typical shape of self-citation patterns for carefully curated publication sets authored by 3517 Highly Cited Researchers and quantify the variance in the distribution of self-citation rates within and between all 21 Essential Science Indicators fields. 2004, 2006; Fowler and Aksnes 2007; Costas et al. The issue is whether, under pressure, scientists and scholars do indeed increase self-citation artificially to boost their potential for rewards (including appointments, promotions, and funding). Citations, citation indicators, and research quality: An overview of basic concepts and theories. 237280). Through this selection process, over 6000 researchers were recognized: 3517 within the 21 ESI fields; and 2491 in the additional cross-field category created to recognize equivalent contributions across several fields. Humility, noted Merton, serves to reduce the misbehavior of scientists below the rate that would occur if importance were assigned only to originality and the establishing of priority (Merton 1957). Journal of the American Society for Information Science and Technology,61(7), 14401463. On the heterogeneity and classification of author self-citations. Individual author data-points appear as outliers, discontinuous with the central range, which lie beyond the calculated test thresholds. We anticipate that JIFs will be affected in coming years which could change the landscape for how journal excellence is determined in the future. The citation rate in any single year can serve as a baseline to assess the impact of a paper in the same research field published in that year. Otherwise, the person would be forced into publishing in obscure journals. Typically, the citation rate of papers published in the last three years are below the citation rate for all years. These data are also summarised in the Appendix Table3. [24], An alternative approach to measure a scholar's impact relies on usage data, such as number of downloads from publishers and analyzing citation performance, often at article level. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joi.2013.11.001. in the group. Google Scholar allows for searching of a particular work or author and retrieves results from a variety of sources such as peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, meeting abstracts, web sites, gray literature, PPTs and other formats. Consequently, citation rates should not be interpreted as representing the central tendency of the distribution. Copyright: 2022 Brandt et al. The Thomas theorem and the Matthew effect. Select the "Cited by" link and selecting the "Search within articles citingXYZ work" checkbox to discover the impact of a work. 2 was repeated with the other ESI fields. 2010). Finally, the model was adjusted to account for the discrepancy in volume between non-Covid-19 papers and Covid-19 papers. 2016; Campanario 2018; Yu et al. Level of Evidence: 4 Copyright 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved. Scientometrics,59(1), 6377. On the skewness of journal self-citations and publisher self-citations: Cues for discussion from a case study. Or is the management of the journals also a problem? 2018; Zhao and Strotmann 2018; Ioannidis et al. Unusually, self-citations to highly cited papers are very high and actually exceed the self-referencing rates for all other fields. 2010; Cooke and Donaldson 2014; Huang and Lin 2011; Schubert 2016; Galvez 2017; Hyland and Jiang 2018; Mishra et al. Web of Science provides evidence of collaboration with other scientists and institutions, publication productivity, cited-by works, the h-index and also includes tools for creating citation maps. The report does not reveal how many citations are from any single year between 2008 and the present. https://doi.org/10.1002/asi.21332. 2019; Shehatta and Al-Rubaish 2019). [44][45][46], The evidence that author-self-archived ("green") OA articles are cited more than non-OA articles is somewhat stronger than the evidence that ("gold") OA journals are cited more than non-OA journals. Mathematics is a relatively small ESI field (97 Highly Cited Researchers) and it is possibly composed of a number of distinct sub-fields (see Bensman et al. Measuring science: Basic principles and application of advanced bibliometrics. Although the cross-field Highly Cited Researchers are reviewed in-house with other data, they are not included in the analysis in this paper because of the variance between fields in citation rates. Bakare, V., & Lewison, G. (2017). Tahamtan, I., & Bornmann, L. (2018). eLIFE, 8, article number e45374. Finally, though WOS is a comprehensive and highly regarded database, it is not without shortcomings. Much has changed from the late 20th century to the early 21st. received by all papers in all fields published during the 10-year period divided Fields are ranked by median self-referencing, Key parameters for analysing the distributions of the frequency of self-citations among Highly Cited Researchers (20082018) by Essential Science Indicator fields. ), countries represented by the authors of the citing works, subject focus or discipline of the citing works. 2019; DAntuono and Ciavarella 2019; Ioannidis et al. This quantitative aspect of growth of research fields may lead to higher average citation rates for early publications within the field, compared to publications of the same age in fields with less growth. Scientometrics,93(3), 745750. Like all impact metrics, vulnerable to gamification (e.g.. Next, articles without the terms Covid-19, coronavirus, or SARS-CoV-2 in the title were selected to provide an average citation rate for only non-Covid-19 articles in the journal.
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