dolomite canyon death valley

Cross sections in Figures 6, 8, and 9 are labeled A, B, and C. APAguereberry Point; ARArgus Range; BWBadwater; BMBlack Mountains; CCCopper Canyon; CHConfidence Hills; CMCottonwood Mountains; DPDarwin Plateau; DVDeath Valley; EMEagle Mountain; FMFuneral Mountains; FPFuneral Peak; GMGrapevine Mountains; GRGreenwater Range; HCHanaupah Canyon; HMHunter Mountain; IRInyo Range; KRKingston Range; MPMormon Point; NDFZNorthern Death Valley fault zone; NRNopah Range; PRPanamint Range; PVPanamint Valley; SDFZSouthern Death Valley fault zone; TBTecopa Basin; TCTrail Canyon; TMTucki Mountain; TPTelescope Peak. Several thin limestone layers near the top of the formation at Quartz Spring are fossiliferous. Neogene sediments preserved within Death Valley record the latest phases of structural evolution of the basin. Along the road to the canyon stands Leadfield, a ghost town dating to the 1920s. 20 Bird Spring Formation Syringopora (open-spaced colonies) Caninia cf. 4), several outcrops of Proterozoic gneissic basement were mapped by Hunt and Mabey (1966) as the footwall of the Amargosa Thrust. This Proterozoic gneiss is overlain by east-tilted Basin and Range fault blocks consisting of Wood Canyon Formation through Ordovician section, like other extensional allochthons in the region and also structurally similar to the east flank of Tucki Mountain (Fig. Paramount to understanding Death Valleys geology is realizing that it is an ongoing dynamic process. Racetrack stones only move once every two or three years and most tracks last for just three or four years. A poorly preserved brachiopod assemblage has been found. As summarized in Figure 6, interpretations of the extensional structures at Tucki Mountain show that the footwall of the detachment surface consists of Proterozoic basement and metasediments. McKenna and Hodges (1990) use the name Eastern Panamint fault system for a series of faults that include a basal detachment and higher faults that collectively form an extensional duplex. In some areas all that remains of some thick rock layers are lens-shaped pods of rock bounded on all sides by faults. Dark-brown to orange burrow mottling is prevalent, and several layers have dark-brown weathering chert beds and nodules. The middle section contains bryozoans and some brachiopods, while the lower section has no fossils. The latter is the trail head for the hiking trail to Telescope Peak and has views to the east down to Badwater. 24 Lost Burro Formation A feature of these intrusives is that they are intruded along the structural top of each turtleback, with the Willow Springs diorite structurally beneath the younger (Fig. Elevation Gain: 535 ft to 834ft (163m to 254m) The first category described by Miller and Pavlis (2005) is the Rolling Hinge model as proposed by Stewart (1983), Hamilton (1988), Wernicke et al. These consist of sediments of the Pahrump Group, Noonday Dolomite, and Johnnie Formation, along with some outcrops of Proterozoic basement (Fig. In the stratigraphic column, formations from the north and west of the area are on the left so that left to right is equivalent to north and west to south and east. Favosites. The Walker Lane belt was originally defined by Stewart (1988) as the triangular zone of high topographic relief separating the Sierra Nevada from the Great Basin, with its southern limit the Garlock fault. Lower section is dark gray cherty dolomite and the upper section is light gray dolomite; the base of the lower unit is fossiliferous, consisting of silicified rhynchonellid brachiopods, conodonts, streptelasmid corals, and Halysites. The Basin and Range is characterized by block faulting and, in areas of large-magnitude extension like Death Valley, by exhumation of middle and lower crustal level rocks in core complexes (Davis, 1980; Armstrong, 1982; Stewart, 1998; Dickinson, 2002). These structures are created when the surface of the earth is under extensional, or a pulling force. Mosaic Canyon was named for a rock formation known as the Mosaic Breccia. From the 1930s through the 1960s the springs provided water for the successful talc mines in the nearby Ibex Hills. Permian 6). The main visitor center of the park is located here as well as the Oasis at Death Valley resort complex. Much of Salt Creek is usually dry at the surface and covered by a bright layer of salt which was created by many flooding and subsequent evaporation of water that In the first phase, up to 8 km of uplift of the White Mountains (WM, Fig. (Blair and Raynolds, 1999); (4) although there are angular unconformities within these formations, there are no data such as progressive tilt (Snow and Lux, 1999) to suggest that they were deposited in active grabens. Check out the dolomite promontory that gave mosaic Canyon its name, too! Along the western side of Tucki Mountain, rocks in the hanging wall of the detachment are MiocenePliocene sediments and volcanics of the Nova Basin (Tn in Fig. 3 Lake Manly Deposits 13 Strozzis Ranch Rhyolite "Tr" Reviews. Unit is 30 to 350 m thick in the NTS area, 70 m thick in the Montgomery Mountains, 106 m thick in the Dry Mountain area, Cottonwood Mountains. [8] Endemic species include the Eureka Dune Grass, the Eureka Evening Primrose and the Shining Locoweed. The Miocene-aged formation is made up of cemented gravel, playa deposits, and volcanic debris, perhaps 5,000 feet (1,500m) thick. Crinoid stems abundant, Including large types. Thickness uncertain because of faulting; estimate 750 feet. The Artist Drive Formation is shown by a different symbol as these rocks in their northern Black Mountains type area are primarily lava flows or volcaniclastics. Evolution of Death Valley is best described as a two-stage process. In the first stage, lasting from ca. As discussed earlier, the present-day contact between the Artist Drive Formation and basement of the Badwater surface is faulted, but the geometry shown in this restoration shows that the Artist Drive Formation could have been originally deposited on basement, with faulting seen today a result of postdeposition emergence of the Badwater turtleback. I've only ever hiked it in January and December, and even then it felt warm. Contained within its boundaries is a diverse rock record stretching throughout most of geologic time. The wetland lies at the southern tip of the Ibex Hills, on the floor of Death Valley and just northeast of the Amargosa River. To accommodate as many events as possible, the time scale (from Gradstein et al., 2004) is shown with a variable vertical scale, logarithmic from 1000 yr to 1 m.y., then a linear scale from 1 to 5 m.y. From these data, Hunt and Mabey (1966) assume that about a third of the fill [of Death Valley] is Quaternary and that the rest is Tertiary (Hunt and Mabey, 1966, p. A72). Total thickness Uncertain because of faulting; estimated about 3,000 feet in Panamint Range, 2,000 feet in Funeral Mountains. Thickness of Cenozoic sediments from the digital compilation of Blakely and Ponce (2002) in color. Brachiopods abundant, especially Spirifer , Cyrtospirifer , Productilla , Carmarotoechia , Atrypa. The massive expanse of white is made up of almost pure table salt. b. The first restoration at 3 Ma removes the graben formed as a result of pull-apart basin formation; strike slip, which would be perpendicular to the page (Topping, 1993), is not incorporated. This deformational event shifted the crust vertically, creating thinning and thickening of some sedimentary layers as they were being deposited. Cambrian Previous Friday folds from Mosaic Canyon can be seen here and here and here and here. Limestone beds contain ooids, oncoids, and are stromatolitic. At the one-mile mark, the canyon narrows for the first time to a width of roughly 40 feet across. First narrows of Fall Canyon Geology of the Death Valley area, from Workman et al. b. Cemented fan gravel with interbedded basaltic lavas, gravels cut by veins of calcite (Mexican onyx); perhaps 1000 feet thick. Located four miles (6.4km) south of the Artist's Drive scenic loop, the canyon contains a natural stone bridge, accessible after a fifteen-minute walk from the parking area. The stratigraphic column illustrates age ranges of named sedimentary formations, with different patterns indicating whether or not formations have been interpreted as syntectonic (Snow and Lux, 1999). In a wash near some of the petroglyphs there is a fault scarp that exposes some fanglomerate which is a type of sedimentary rock which looks like concrete with large rocks intermixed. Saratoga Springs (.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}354054N 1162525W / 35.68167N 116.42361W / 35.68167; -116.42361[11]) is a desert oasis located in southern Death Valley National Park. Natural Bridge Canyon: On the east side of the park . Ash layers, important for age control on sediments, are included in the igneous activity column, although the volcanism that produced these ash beds was usually well outside the Death Valley area (Knott et al., 2005). In these models, the low-angle detachment faults are dominant, with the Panamint Range moving 80 km west from an original position east of the Black Mountains and strike-slip faults as upper crustal edges of the detachment system. Sand dunes cover 3 square miles (8km2) of Eureka Valley, rising 680 feet (207 m) as one of North America's tallest dunes. Granitic intrusions and volcanics, not known to be represented by sedimentary deposits. Those missing 20 formations have not yet been added to our Stratigraphy Collection. Thickness more than 4,000 feet. (2005) for the UbehebeLake Rogers Formation (U-LR), also in the Cottonwoods area, and from Snow and Lux (1999) for the Bat Mountain Formation. Widely distributed fusilinids. *9 Members* alternating siliciclastic and carbonate facies lower four (of the nine) members and the lower part of the fifth member contain Early Cambrian olenellid trilobites. Tin Mountain Limestone 1000 feet thick, is black with thin-bedded lower member and thick-bedded upper member. Summaries have been published by Snow and Lux (1999), Calzia and Rm (2000), and Knott et al. the dolomite member contains conical calcareous fossils including metazoan small shelly fossils of Cloudina in another member there are rare occurrences of the trace fossil Planolites. The three turtleback structures in the Black Mountains, as pointed out by Miller and Pavlis (2005), are keys to understanding tectonic evolution of the area. Pennsylvanian The ECSZ was originally defined by Dokka and Travis (1990a) based on mapping of strike-slip faults in the Mojave Desert, and included the Death Valley area (i.e., north of the Garlock fault) as its northern limit. The fourth and final event occurred quite recently, geologically speaking. This idea has been incorporated into several models for the structural evolution of Death Valley. Ventifact Ridge is a part of a basaltic lava flow. b. Holocene+Pleistocene= Fan gravel; silt and salt on floor of playa, less than 100 feet thick. 10,000 years to make 1/100th of an inch of varnish and is deposited by a certain type of bacteria that collects the iron, manganese and clay needed to make the varnish. (1994) provide an interpretation of eruption volume versus time, which the sawtooth pattern in Figure 3 schematically follows. This desert butte was once an island in a lake that filled Death Valley several times during the Pleistocene ice ages. Miller and Pavlis (2005) give an excellent overview of current data and understanding of the turtlebacks. . This pan was first created by the drying-up of 30-foot (9.1m) deep Recent Lake 2000 to 3000 years ago. The Devil's Golf Course is a large salt pan on the floor of Death Valley. This interpretation is similar to one shown by Hunt and Mabey (1996) in a cross section near Hanaupah Canyon (their fig. The strong link between Pacific-North America plate motion and structural evolution of the ECSZ is emphasized by this synchronous timing. 3 Ma, deposition of a thick sequence of volcanics, clastics, and some lacustrine carbonates signaled a period of relative tectonic quiescence, with sediments in some areas covering the exhumed detachment surfaces. $85.00. Volcanic action heaved the beds into mountain ranges, folding the marble layers. and a different linear scale from 5 to 25 m.y. Titus Canyon is a narrow gorge in the Grapevine Mountains near the eastern boundary of Death Valley National Park. The upper part of this limestone is highly fossiliferous and characterized by the corals Syringopora and Zaphrentites. Varnish does not normally form on carbonate rocks because their surfaces weather too easily. All these formations were deposited in basins formed by Basin and Range low-angle extension; in the model presented here, the floor of these basins was in some areas the exhumed Basin and Range detachment surface. Early + Middle Pleistocene This deformation is associated with the Southern Death Valley strike-slip fault (Dooley and McClay, 1996) and gives a qualitative indication of the large amount of post-1.7 Ma motion there has been on this fault. WMWhite Mountains; IRInyo Range. Cambrian-Late Precambrian It features megabreccia and other rock formations, petroglyphs, and wildlife of various kinds, including bighorn sheep. They are in fault contact with the Copper Canyon turtleback (Drewes, 1963; Holm et al., 1994). The ProterozoicCambrian boundary is within the Wood Canyon Formation (Corsetti and Hagadorn, 2000). These observations imply that details of the structural connection between Tucki Mountain and the east end of the Funeral Mountains must be reexamined, although a probable Early Miocene age of the Tucki Mountain section can still be used to date extension at Tucki Mountain (Cemen et al., 1999). It overlies a 19.8 0.2 Ma (K/Ar age) tuff and is in turn overlain by a 13.7 0.4 Ma (K/Ar age) tuff (Cemen et al., 1999). They are made up of Proterozoic basement gneiss, early Tertiary pegmatitic intrusives, and Late Miocene plutonic rocks. At the same time and further south along the Black Mountains, the Copper Canyon and Mormon Point Formations were deposited. Goniatite coquina beds, formed chiefly of the cephalopod Cravenoceras hesperiam, occur within this formation. Scolithus ? It is located in the Basin and Range extensional province (Sonder and Jones, 1999; Burchfiel et al., 1992), in the Walker Lane belt (Stewart, 1988), and also in the Eastern California Shear Zone (ECSZ; Dokka and Travis, 1990a). The depositional base of the oldest of these northern Black Mountains formations, the Artist Drive, is not seen. This, the nation's greatest evaporation potential, means that even a 12-foot (3.7m) deep, 30 miles (48km) long lake would dry up in a single year. Pressure and heat transformed the stone into the metamorphic rock we call marble. From the left, the columns show the igneous events, stratigraphy, tectonic events, and regional tectonic regime. Search for other works by this author on: This site uses cookies. The kilns were located here as the trees single-leaf pinyon pine (Pinus monophylla) and Utah juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) dominate the landscape in the upper Panamint Mountains. a. It overlies Mississippian carbonates and has not been directly dated. These colors are caused by the oxidation of different metals (iron compounds produce red, pink and yellow, decomposition of tuff-derived mica produces green, and manganese produces purple). Wildrose Canyon has 2 campgrounds above the kilns, Thorndyke at 7,490 feet and Mahogany Flat at 7923 feet. It has a width of about 10 miles (16km). Recommended. Practical Details. Called the Artist Drive Formation, the rock unit provides evidence for one of the Death Valley area's most violently explosive volcanic periods. This older faulting is interpreted as the final phase of Basin and Range extension in the area (Louie et al., 1992; Calzia and Rm, 2000). This eastward propagation is likely to continue with the Pacific-North America plate boundary ultimately moving to the ECSZ, with motion on the San Andreas fault ceasing (Faulds et al., 2005). In this formation, the placoderm Dunkleosteus (a small cladodont) and cochliodont tooth have been found. Prior to recognition of low-angle extensional faulting in Death Valley, Burchfiel and Stewart (1966), on the basis of the morphology of the valley and occurrence of strike-slip faults, suggested that Death Valley was formed as a strike-slip pull-apart basin, with the basin forming between the Northern Death ValleyFurnace Creek fault to the north and the Southern Death Valley fault zone to the south (Fig. The last two columns in Figure 3 show tectonic events and interpreted tectonic regimes. This unfortunate thrust fault term was used by Hunt and Mabey, even though they recognized the extensional origin of the younger-over-older structural relationship at Tucki Mountain (Hunt and Mabey, 1966, p. A99). 2 Playa Salt Deposits *5 Members* The upper member contains conodonts, microgastropod steinkerns, sponge spicules, and fish remains. Cretaceous (67 Ma, 87 Ma) They were restored by Navajo Indian stonemasons from Arizona in 1971. Between the Last Chance Range and Saline Mountains is the graben Eureka Valley. The above summary of younger deposits in the Death Valley region highlights some of the structurally important inferences that can be drawn from these sections. AMAvawatz Mountains; ARArgus Range; BMBlack Mountains; CMCottonwood Mountains; DPDarwin Plateau; DVDeath Valley; FMFuneral Mountains; FCFZFurnace Creek fault zone; GMGrapevine Mountains; HMHunter Mountain; HMFHunter Mountain fault; IFZInyo fault zone; IRInyo Range; KPKingston Peak; NDVFZNorthern Death Valley fault zone; NRNopah Range; OVOwens Valley; PRPanamint Range; PVPanamint Valley; SMSpring Mountain; SDVFZSouthern Death Valley fault zone; SVSaline Valley; SWNVFSouthwest Nevada Volcanic Field; TMTucki Mountain. Recaptaculites, echinoderm plates and oncolitic algae (?) Each newly formed lake doesn't last long though, because the 1.9 inches (48mm) average rainfall is overwhelmed by a 150-inch (3,800mm) annual evaporation rate. 4) contains some useful timing information. These strong winds pick-up dust and sand (mostly from the two closest alluvial fans), which literally sand-blast exposed surfaces. Four trilobite zones have been identified that span the Lower to Middle Cambrian boundary. 9 Furnace Creek Formation These volcanics correlate across Death Valley with the Rhodes Tuff and Sheepshead Andesite in the southern Black Mountains (TC+RT, Fig. Located 1/4 mile west of Stovepipe Wells Village, the 2-mile gravel access road climbs 1000 ft. to the parking area. The Wildrose Charcoal Kilns were completed in 1877 by the Modock Consolidated Mining Company, above Death Valley in the Panamint Range, and were used to reduce pinyon and juniper tree wood to charcoal in a process of slow burning in low oxygen. See Table 1 for data and explanations of abbreviations used. By far the largest national park in the contiguous United States, more than 90% of Death Valley's 3.3 million acres are protected as a designated Wilderness Area. The Panamint Valley basin runs between the Panamint Range to the east and Argus and Slate ranges to the west for 65 miles (105km). "[12] While the origin of the name is unknown, it has become a tradition for visitors to attach teakettles to the sign with messages written on them. Cichanski (2000) mapped the southern portion of the range front and found generally low-angle faults (dips 1534), with indications that these fault surfaces have been cut by steeper faults, but the vertical offset on these faults is minor. Natural Bridge Canyon is found on the east side of the park and is one of the few canyons with an official trailhead. The Lippincott Member (?) Both the Walker Lane and ECSZ are characterized by north- to northwest-trending topography with active dextral strike-slip and normal faults (Oldow et al., 1994, 2008; Henry et al., 2007; Lee et al., 2009; Dokka and Travis, 1990a, 1990b). Although the mines themselves were worked intermittently until about 1900, there is no clear evidence that the charcoal kilns were operational after 1879. As groundwater exploded into steam due to the heat of magma underneath, an empty pit was left behind and the debris spread around the field. Data from Smith and Sandwell (1997). A simple average of their compilation yields dimensions of 15.2 km wide by 1550 m relief. This surface tracks over the top of the Panamint Range, with extensional allochthons consisting of an Early Paleozoic section perched on the eastern flank of the range. (2009) suggest that the later event at 2.8 Ma dates onset of strike-slip faulting along the Hunter Mountain fault zone and initiation of strike slip in this portion of the ECSZ. 21 Rest Spring Shale This shale contains linguloid brachiopods and trilobite trash beds with fragments of "Ehmaniella." 196, 10100 Burnet Road (R2200), Austin, Texas 78758-4445, USA. The correlation between thrust complexes is still valid, but instead of the entire Panamint Range being moved, only the extensional allochthons need to be moved. Rocks along the highest points of the northern Black Mountains are volcanics of the Artist Drive formation, including 6.5-m.y.-old rhyolite at the popular tourist overlook, Dantes View (Greene, 1997). (1987) document 810 km of offset on this fault system. I would like to thank Dave Reynolds and Stefan Boettcher for introducing me to Death Valley geology. It would appear that, as the southern portion of the San Andreas fault joined up to the northern Gulf of California, the large-scale restraining bend in the San Andreas fault formed by the Mojave Block (Fig. Overview. Schematic evolution of the cross section of Figure 9. Near the end of this extensional phase and lasting until ca. Hamilton (1988) examined the structures at Hanaupah Canyon and correlated this Hanaupah detachment (Hamilton's more appropriate term; HD, Fig. Scarce fossils. The following list of geologic formations and corresponding ages represents what has been collected in the park and are available for viewing at our curatorial facility. From here an easy 1/4 mile walk leads into the canyon narrows . is a cherty argillaceous unit containing Lower Devonian fish, the pteraspidids Blieckaspis and Panamintaspis from the Trail Canyon area. Death Valley National Park Self-Guided Audio Driving Tour. Locally metamorphosed to sub-greenschist to lower greenschist facies at Bare Mountain, Funeral Mountains, and parts of the northwestern Spring Mountains. 3.0 Hours of Monument Valley's Sunrise or Sunset 44 Tour. 35 Stirling Quartzite b. Presumably deposited in a basin like present-day Death Valley, these sediments are today located up to 800 m above the valley floor. Mostly resistant, gray, white, and tan, rhyolitic lava flows and volcanic domes, and subordinate ashflow and airfall tuff. Tucholke and Lin (1998) compiled dimensional data on 17 oceanic megamullions. Stromatoporoids. Another important detachment surface is exposed at Tucki Mountain, located at the north end of the Panamint Range on the west side of Death Valley (TM on Fig. 4 Mormon Point Formation Thickness about 1 000 feet but variable because of shearing. These volcanics were deposited partly on the exhumed detachment surface from the earlier phase of Basin and Range extension. Contact with overlying Bonanza King Formation is commonly marked by a change from slope-forming yellowish-weathering limestone of the Carrara to more massive cliff-forming limestone and dolomite of the Bonanza King formation. Its summit rises 11,331 feet (3,454m) above Badwater Basin, the lowest point in Death Valley at 282 feet (86m). As also discussed earlier, the Panamint Range is a large, almost symmetric anticlinal structure, with no high-angle faults along the western side of the range. The younger age is further confirmed by occurrence of one of the Mesquite Spring tuffs (3.13.35 Ma; numbers 7 and 8 in Fig. The end result of these forces was the formation of marble that was smoothed over thousands of years by wind and water. The dolomite was later deeply buried by younger sediment. This cross section, like Figure 6, uses topographic data from the DEM and outcrop geology from Workman et al. 3), which yields some important constraints on extensional geometry. Chemical weathering and hydrothermal alteration cause the oxidation and other chemical reactions that produce the variety of colors displayed in the Artist Drive Formation and nearby exposures of the Furnace Creek Formation. Proterozoic basement consists of metamorphic basement and sediments of the Pahrump Group and Johnnie Formation. Difficulty: Easy/Moderate. The Dolomites (Italian: Dolomiti [dolomiti]; Ladin: Dolomites; German: Dolomiten [dolomitn] (); Venetian: Doomiti [doomiti]: Friulian: Dolomitis), also known as the Dolomite Mountains, Dolomite Alps or Dolomitic Alps, are a mountain range in northeastern Italy.They form part of the Southern Limestone Alps and extend from the River Adige in the west to the Piave Valley (Pieve di . Ammonites, smooth-shelled brachiopods, belemnites, and hexacorals. Hidden Valley Dolomite, Lost Burro Formation, and the Tin Mountain Limestone. These megamullions are similar to those seen at oceanic spreading centers. 28 Pogonip Group a. 108). 4). 30 Racetrack Dolomite Prior to this time, a thick sedimentary sequence was deposited in what is now the northern Black Mountains, with early sedimentation being mostly volcanics. The canyon follows faults that formed when the rocky crust of the Death Valley region began stretching just a few million years ago. Unlike at the Devils Golf Course, significant rainstorms flood Badwater, covering the salt pan with a thin sheet of standing water. No fossils. 6 Nova Formation b. Quartzite, mostly massive arid granulated due to shearing, locally it) beds 6 inches to 2 feet thick ' trot much cross bedded. Mostly thick-bedded arid massive dark-colored dolomite, thin-bedded limestone member 500 feet thick 1 000 feet below top of formation, 2 brown-weathering shaIy units, upper one fossiliferous, about 200 arid 500 feet, respectively, below thin-bedded member. Some of these have been expanded or even merged by sandblasting. Death Valley is a pull-apart basin, as originally proposed by Burchfiel and Stewart (1966), formed in the last 3 m.y. Also shown are the three Quaternary pluvial Lake Manly events when Death Valley was flooded (Anderson and Wells, 2003). Highly fossiliferous shale member 100 feet thick at base, upper 1 200 feet is dolomite in thick alternating black and light hands about 100 feet thick. To understand more about structural evolution of Death Valley, it is useful to consider the area's position in relation to structural provinces that have been defined in western North America. Round Trip Time: 1.5 to 4.5 hours depending on route. Further implications of this update will be discussed elsewhere. [2005] include the Artist Drive and Greenwater in the Furnace Creek), but these differences are not substantial to this paper. In the 1930s, geologist Levi F. Noble studied the faulting and folding in the area, dubbing it the "Amargosa chaos" due to the extreme warping of the rock. Difficulty: Moderate to Difficult Elevation Gain: 1,200 ft (366m) Hunt and Mabey (1966) summarize data from three borax exploration wells, the deepest reaching 300 m, drilled in Death Valley. The highest strandline is one of the principal clues that geologists use to estimate the depth of the lake that once filled Death Valley. (1976) and McAllister (1976). Death Valley National Park is one of many units within the National Park service established because of its underlying geologic theme. (2005). Massive quartzite, with thin-bedded quartzite at base and top, 350 feet thick. Late Precambrian A hapsiphyllid tetracoral, Triplophyllites was collected immediately south of Rest Spring. Formed of steep cliffs, it is composed of red colored oxidized rocks and is visible from Zabriskie point and the Golden Canyon trail. While flooded, some of the salt is dissolved, then is redeposited as clean, sparkling crystals when the water evaporates. Cambrian Scientists call all manifestations of this large body of water Lake Manly. Regional topography of western North America, showing location of Death Valley and tectonic domains. The mountain that Dante's View is on is part of the Black Mountains which along with the parallel Panamint Range across the valley from what geologists call a horst and the valley that is called a graben. Topography is colored with a nonlinear scale ranging from pale blues below sea level through greens and browns to white of the Sierra Nevada peaks. Breccia is an Italian word meaning gravel. The turtlebacks are therefore formed of rocks that were exhumed due to extension and at the same time were intruded by a variety of igneous rocks. Metaluminous ash-flows and associated rocks derived from the Timber Mountain caldera complex at 11.6-11.4 Ma. b. Algal, cryptalgal, and clastic dolostone records shallow marine carbonate platform environment upper member has silty dolomite, siltstone, and stromatolitic dolomite lower member has finely crystalline, laminated, relatively pure dolomite, P.O. Fundulus and Cyprinodon osteichthyes fish and a number of turtle scutes and rodent teeth and skull have been found. Exposed in Butte Valley 1 mile south of this area; 8,000 feet of metasediments and volcanics. Massive black dolomite, 400-800 feet thick.
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