modified mercalli intensity scale simulator

Little damage in specially built structures. WebThe one important intensity scale that does not have twelve degrees (now that the Rossi-Forel Scale is no longer much in use) is the seven-degree Japanese Meteorological Agency Scale (EMS-98), the Modified Mercalli Scale (MM or MMI) and the JMA scale, although the latter is not widely used in practice any longer to assign intensities. Slight structural damage. The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than themagnitudebecause intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. Modified Mercallit (MM) Scale Primary wave (P wave) Richter, Charles Francis (19001985) Secondary wave (S wave) Tectonic and Tectono-Seismic Hazards Tectonic Tremor Bibliography Arias, A., 1970. Pailoplee, S., Sugiyama, Y. and Charusiri, P. (2009) Deterministic and probabilistic seismic hazard analyses in Thailand and adjacent areas using active fault data. WebThe effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred to as its intensity. From Figure 2, it is revealed that the series of MMIPGA calibration vary in individual MMI range. It can be labeled the "Mercalli Scale." within the limits of the current state of the art, NOAA cannot assume liability for ground. U.S. Department of Commerce, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Science Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Data Center Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Location Keywords, Global Change Master Directory (GCMD) Project Keywords, National NOAA's National Climatic Data Center (NCDC), National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC), III. Vibrations are similar to those caused by the passing of light trucks. Return to: Potential to Kinetic | Dynamic In this study, it is attempted to develop the relationship between macroseismic intensity, in terms of the MMI scale, and the engineering ground-motion parameter, in terms of the PGA. On 8th August 1929, an earthquake with a Mw of 7.0 was generated in Pegu, central Myanmar. Shabestari, K.T. Wood and Frank Neumann in 1931, in which intensity is considered to be more suitably graded. Crawl under a sturdy table/desk if nearby. In final, the MMI-PGA relationship is contributed using the linear regression. Brainstorm with the students how they might illustrate one of the pages. A measure of earthquake intensity. Thanks for your feedback! Weak masonry destroyed; ordinary masonry heavily damaged, sometimes with complete collapse; reinforced masonry seriously damaged. Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS The San Francisco earthquake of 1906, which measured 8.3 on the Richter Scale. (1988) Intensity-related earthquake ground motion. Humans cannot eliminate the hazards but can take steps to reduce their impacts. Bridges destroyed. Noticed by drivers of automobiles. ", 15. above, whereas two earthquakes were located in the southern and northern parts of Thailand. Development Center (NCDDC), per the Consolidated and Further Continuing Appropriations Cracks in wet ground and on steep slopes. Please understand that by attending and participating you are granting IU permission to use your image in photographs and videos to promote Science Fest and other outreach activities in the future. 5), 3 sheets (cut lengthwise) of white copy paper, 1 sheet (cut lengthwise) of any color construction paper, Variety of crayons, colored pencils, and markers. and Papazachos, B.C. The earthquake magnitude calculator shows not only the energy but also. In this activity, students learn about the Richter Scale for measuring earthquakes and make a booklet with drawings that represent each rating of the Richter Scale. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 46, 317-320. Geo-Spatial Information Science, 13, 230-234. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. Isoseismal maps of the ten earthquakes reported in Myanmar and neighboring areas during 1912-2006 AD. Therefore, the seismic building code of Myanmar should be modified in order to reduce future hazards arising from earthquakes. 3 - ", 6. The JMA (Japan Meteorological Agency) scale from 1 to 7 is used in Japan and Taiwan. In case of no shelter, hold on to your head and neck with both arms and hands. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering, 11, 387-402. Some damage to reinforced masonry; none to reinforced masonry designed to resist lateral forces. Make sure you understandEarthquake! Little Rock, AR: "Residents of the Holiday Inn noted that the water sloshed out of the swimming pool during the quake. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, Pendulum clocks stop, start, change rate. Felt by many indoors, few outdoors. Testing Model Villages in Big Waves, Seismic Waves: How Earthquakes Move Through the Earth. This implies that the standard of building construction in Myanmar, in terms of withstanding earthquake hazards, is not high enough such that low ground motions contribute to a high degree of structure damage, particularly at higher levels of ground shaking. Indiana University, 1. (1999) TriNet Shakemaps: rapid generation of peak ground motion and intensity maps for earthquakes in southern California. 0338326. Considerable damage to specially built structures, buildings shifted off foundations. xms6g&/&f2M%Wf? @q&E8@~! Structural engineers usually contribute information for assigning intensity values of VIII or above. On this scale, intensities up to 5 are felt but cause no damage, while intensities from 6 to 12 cause increasing amounts of damage. Difficult to stand. A fun and It's actually a much broader term. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is called the intensity. {0,W7au]n{~y _aXV,k2m!J}UMv}xG?o?zW2Qeu,3Q~1trX&EYNLf5{}2C]|*+]n|=rxStH\Y#e\nX|_H^5E]4[:+fWxPBJLnty@6v 'ygb ~6\[K.|%TZl!DRE)Dgu[6*>(O[y=Tr1 2006-2013 Scientific Research Publishing Inc. All rights reserved. Counts toward Master of Disaster badge. Landslides. Refer to the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale page on the US Geological Pairs Check/Sharing with the Community: Have students share their booklets with a partner or the person next to them. This (Ganse, Robert A., John B. Nelson, 1981). Get the inside scoop on all things TeachEngineering such as new site features, curriculum updates, video releases, and more by signing up for our newsletter! and Yamazaki, F. (2001) A proposal of instrumental seismic intensity scale compatible with MMI evaluated from three-component acceleration records. Engineers work very hard to protect humans from the potentially dangerous force of earthquakes. Biloxi, MS: "No damage was reported from last night's slight tremor, though chandeliers in a few of the city's old mansions swayed slightly. Students learn how engineers build shake tables that simulate the ground motions of the Earth caused by seismic waves in order to test the seismic performance of buildings. To this end, based on the published probabilistic seismic hazard map of the Yangon area, central Myanmar ([13], the maps were evaluated by using the strong ground-motion attenuation relationship of Boore et al. Recorded by seismographs. Small objects moved. Figure 1, Table 1, Figure 1. Earth, Planets and Space, 61, 1313-1325. You may have heard that a 5.8 earthquake hit Alaska recently. Large rock masses displaced. WebModified Mercalli Intensity Scale Instrumental: detected only by instruments Very feeble: noticed only by people at rest Slight: felt by people at rest Like passing of a truck Vil Vill x . 812-855-5809. doi:10.7289/V5TD9V7K [access date], NCEI/WDS Global Historical Tsunami Database, 2100 BC to Present, NCEI/WDS Global Significant Volcanic Eruptions Database, 4360 BC to Present, Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931, Cite as: National Geophysical Data Center / World Data Service (NGDC/WDS): NCEI/WDS Branches broken from trees, General panic. In this study, all macroseismic intensity data are taken from previous publications of isoseismal maps ranked with respect to the MMI scale. Small slides and caving along. Small bells ring (church, school). Thus, in this study, the PGA values used for calibration with the MMI are inferred using the groundmotion attenuation characteristic of Boore et al. The amplitude of shaking is 10 times larger. The aforementioned catalog was an expansion From the result of this regression (Figure 2), it appears that there is a slight trend of MMI to be a linear function in relationship to the, which can represented by Equation (2) with a standard deviation of 0.33. where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. It occurred in the afternoon, lasted for 10 minutes, and caused tsunamis that affected southern Chile, Hawaii, Japan, the Philippines, New Zealand, Australia, and the Aleutian Islands. Weak chimneys broken at roof line. it is valuable in, evaluating ground shaking in modern quakes. From the isoseismal maps described above, the individual area of each MMI level was gridded with a spacing of 1 1 km to measure the source-to-site-distances that the seismic wave traveled and was attenuated over. http://neic.usgs.gov/neis/general/handouts/mercalli.html, Did You Feel It? WebThe most widely used scale is the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale (MMI scale). ", 5. The areas of equal intensity, referred to as isoseismals, tend to form irregular bullseye patterns, with the center of the bulls eye, and the highest intensities, experienced at or near the earthquake epicenter. Thipyopass, S. (2010) Paleoearthquake investigation along the ranong fault zone, southern Thailand. Proceedings of the 5th World Conference Earthquake Engineering, Santiago, 13-18 January 1969. Intensity. Layer the three pieces of white copy paper in one stack with one piece of construction paper on top for the cover. Indiana University to as its intensity. Le Dain, A.Y., Tapponnier, P. and Molnar, P. (1984) Active faulting and tectonics of Burma and surrounding regions. WebFirst, measure the scale on the map in Figure 13.13 in centimeters, and use that to convert your distances in kilometers to centimeters (ex. Considerable damage Then, on 3rd - 4th December 1930, two earthquakes of approximately the same magnitude (~Mw 7.3) in Pyu and Yangon, respectively, were reported [8]. Empirical relationships between the macroseismic intensity and the groundmotion parameters (peak ground acceleration [PGA], peak ground velocity [PGV]) for western China are derived in this study. endobj The earthquake "size" which is the energy released is. Copyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Some walls may fall. Felt by nearly everyone. John Wiley, New York. The most familiar of these is the Richter scale - related (1956) A comparison of earthquake accelerations with intensity ratings. The first of these, the Mandalay earthquake, was generated at the central part of the Sagiang Fault Zone and the second, the Tounggyi earthquake, occurred in the Moei-Tounggyi Fault Zone [4,5] eastwards of Myanmar. VIII. Using one arm, cover your head and neck. Ground badly cracked. In some cases, instrumental data verify this calculation, but not infrequently the true epicentre lies outside the area of greatest intensity. xX\vEV^-dwO2V\0~lY0YjcP_GZs)Ehm^$YE_I WxuqU]`hN!pm\>(T[}`2_dSVt!D:,^NN`u! We use a grading scale in school when we get an A, B or C. Some schools use a numeric grading system for the same level of work, where an A is equal to a 4, a B to a 3, and so on. (1992) Dependence of strong ground motion on magnitude-distance, site geology and macroseismic intensity for shallow earthquakes in Greece: I, peak horizontal acceleration, velocity and displacement. Log in or create an account to manage your custom schedule. If there were complete symmetry about the vertical through the earthquakes focus, isoseismals would be circles with the epicentre (the point at the surface of the Earth immediately above where the earthquake originated) as the centre. A lock () or https:// means youve safely connected to the .gov website. WebThe above documentation is transcluded from Template:MMI/doc. This postcard shows the damage effect of different earthquakes WebThe Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. 790 E. Kirkwood Avenue ", 21. Serious damage to dams, dikes, embankments. Wholesale destruction. To calculate the amount of released energy from an earthquake, we've implemented Gutenberg and Richter's equation in this earthquake calculator: The most powerful earthquake ever recorded happened in Chile in 1960. Students learn about the Mercalli Scale for rating earthquakes.copyrightCopyright http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c7/US_Navy_110320-M-0145H-063_A_large_ferry_boat_rests_inland_amidst_destroyed_houses_after_a_9.0_earthquake_and_subsequent_tsunami_struck_Japan_March.jpg. Marginal and long-period effects of large earthquakes. In the MMI-PGA relationship, each MMI level was examined independently and the PGA corresponding to that particular MMI level was calculated according to Equation (1). Total damage. Earthquake, 17, 711-723. (Grade Earthquake Spectra, 15, 537-555. Bulletin of the International Association of Engineering Geology, 4, 425-435. Furthermore, earthquake intensity, or strength, is distinct from earthquake magnitude, which is a measure of the amplitude, or size, of seismic waves as specified by a seismograph reading. Explain the Mercalli Scale on their own through drawing and writing. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. However, today seismologists more commonly rely on what is And that's it! Nested under units are lessons (in purple) and hands-on activities (in blue). It is influenced by the amount of kinetic energy released, the The released energy is 31622776601684 J, and the equivalent of such energy is: 0.0000028 of the most massive earthquake recorded, Chile '60 . The number of earthquake recording stations is, therefore, low and as a result the earthquake impactions are usually observed in macroseismic intensity and reported manually in terms of isoseismal maps. pages, email and other written documents. Indiana University Water thrown on banks of canals, rivers, lakes, and so on. We understand that enormous energy values expressed in joules are not very intuitive or informative, so we have chosen a few earthquake energy equivalents if you've ever wondered what magnitude of earthquake an atomic bomb or volcanic eruption is equivalent to, this earthquake magnitude calculator has the answer. 9 Based on this relationship, approximately, what is the magnitude of this earthquake. ", 23. Also, it's essential to make sure that you know what to do during an earthquake before you're caught in one. WebThe most common intensity scale used in Australia is the 12-point Modified Mercalli scale. Memphis, TN: "Damage to the city is severe. Practically for each MMI level, there is more than one value or the source-to-site-distances (i.e., the MMI boundary is not a perfect circle), and consequently the average distance was used. Sand and mud shifted horizontally on beaches and. The 12-point Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale describes how an earthquake is felt and the damage that it Empirically, the macroseismic intensity is most frequently related to the PGA because this engineering ground-motion parameter is the most commonly correlated parameter to structural damage and it is important for seismic resistant structure design [12]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 24, 79-89. Photographs will be taken throughout the day. Frankfort, KY: "Heavy furniture was moved around in some stores and homes, and some shops reported broken windows., 10. It may be helpful to put the scale up on the board and read it aloud with the students. General panic. Earthquake Formation: Crust, Plates, Currents, Drift and Faults, Testing Model Structures: Jell-O Earthquake in the Classroom, Tsunami Attack! on the date and time of occurrence, latitude and longitude, focal depth, magnitude, Springfield, MO: "Doors and windows rattled, but no damage reported.". Difficult to stand. As such, the main goals of the study are: 1) to gather the macroseismic intensity data that has been previously reported for the Myanmar region and adjacent areas; and 2) to correlate this and contribute the relationship between the felt intensity information and the engineering ground-motion parameter as the PGA. Relationship between the PGA (cm/s2) and the MMI scale. "', 7. Based on data from the northeastern United States, seismologists have estimated the following relation between earthquake magnitude (M) and epicentral intensity (Ie): M = 0.62 Ie + 0. scale composed of 12 increasing levels of intensity based on observed The Modified Mercalli Intensity value assigned to a specific site after an earthquake has a more meaningful measure of severity to the nonscientist than the magnitude because intensity refers to the effects actually experienced at that place. % If you prefer, click on the map for desired However, in practice, a physically based ground-motion measure is needed particularly for engineering purposes. Solicit, integrate and summarize student responses. in Los Angeles. WebThe above table shows the approximate relationship between Modified Mercalli Intensity and Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA). the amount of movement or energy released. WebStep 1 Type the name of the city and the state of the hypothetical earthquake, and then click "Center". Ask the students: With Words and Pictures: Have students write a sentence on the bottom of each page of their information booklet describing their illustration of the Mercalli Scale rating. maximum MMI intensity, and socio-economic data such as the total number of casualties, Let's start with a disclaimer, which for some may be obvious: the Richter scale is not widely used anymore, but it still happens to be mentioned erroneously in the news from time to time. Rails bent greatly. Copyright 2023 The Trustees of Few structures standing. Wholesale destruction. Learn how to calculate the duty cycle of a periodic system with Omni's duty cycle calculator: insert what you know, and we'll do the math! Khin, A. and Win, K. (1968) Preliminary studies of the paleogeography of Burma during the Cenozoic. [14]. Explain the different levels of the Mercalli Scale using words or pictures. Although in the Northern Hemisphere, antipode usually refers to Australia or New Zealand. V. Felt outdoors; direction may be estimated. Union of Burma Journal of Science and Technology, 1, 241-251. WebThe most commonly used earthquake intensity scale is the Modified Mercalli earthquake intensity scale. Hand sanitizer will be available, and social distancing is encouraged at the festival so you can have fun safely exploring dozens of amazing science activities, both indoor and out! Trees shake. The Mercalli Scale was used earlier than the Richter Scale. The most probable position of the epicentre is often assumed to be at a point inside the area of highest intensity. WebIn the United States, we use the Modified Mercalli (MMI) Scale. Earthquakes aren't the only phenomena whose magnitudes are expressed using a logarithmic scale this is also the case for cyclones. List some famous earthquakes and their Richter Scale measurements. 3 0 obj Felt by persons at rest, on upper floors, or otherwise favourably placed to sense tremors. The above table shows the approximate relationship The magnitudes required in equation (1) and the earthquake locations for measuring the source-to-site-distances are those cited in previous reports and are detailed in Table 1. Weak plaster and masonry cracks. Furniture broken. Serious damage. Are there any suggestions for improvement? CategoryEarth + Atmospheric Sciences Best forHigh School + Middle School. Intensity ratings Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 94, 1728-1736. May not be recognized as an earthquake. can't directly convert the Richter or Magnitude scale to the Mercalli scale, video from Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, Check out 7 similar earth and weather calculators , Social Media Time Alternatives Calculator. WebThe Modified Mercalli intensity scale (MM,MMI, or MCS), developed from Giuseppe Mercalli's Mercalli intensity scale of 1902, is a seismic intensity scale used for Waves seen on ground. The methodology is simple. Maximum intensity normally occurs near the earthquake epicentre, with intensity values then decreasing with distance. z/76 E1(S=C50R6*C?dzy}5n`u%]|QJ. The magnitude does not depend on where the measurement is made. Noticeable indoors, especially on upper floors, but may not be recognized as an earthquake. California's Loma Prieta earthquake in 1989 was a 7.1. Not felt. ), Seismic Design for Nuclear Power Plants. and Worden, C.B. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. The effect of an earthquake on the Earth's surface is referred Small objects moved. Difficult to stand. Review the purpose of the Mercalli Scale with the students, as described in the Introduction/Motivation section. Magnitude measures the energy released at the source of the earthquake. Note: The contour lines should not go through the intensity points, but should go between intensity pointsi.e., separate areas of one intensity from another. A 12-point abridged form of the modified Mercalli scale is provided below. AAA and DDD are calculated thanks to complex mathematical models predicted by seismograms. There are two commonly-used ways of rating earthquakes: 1) the Richter scale and 2) the Mercalli Scale. Catalog of Significant Earthquakes 2000 B.C. ", 17. I. Students learn about the types of seismic waves produced by earthquakes and how they move through the Earth. Pull over, stop, and engage the handbrake. (2) where PGA is the peak ground acceleration (cm/s 2) and MMI is the level of macroseismic intensity in terms of MMI scale. The earthquake magnitude you hear just after the phenomenon has occurred may differ from the final, official values provided later (up to 0.5). During 1929-1930 AD, there were five earthquakes within the magnitude of range 7.0 - 7.3 Richter that occurred in the Myanmar region. Comparison of MMI-PGA relationship determined from this study (thick black line) and the others proposed previously for different regions. <> While every effort has been made to ensure that these data are accurate and reliable Most masonry, frame structures, and their foundations destroyed. The intensity scale consists of a series of certain key responses such [4]. It measures the effects of an earthquake at a given location, distinguished from the earthquake's inherent force or strength as measured by seismic magnitude scales (such as the "Mw" magnitude usually reported for an earthquake). The class could even draw one level of the scale at a time together. Apart from the fact the scale was intended to be for a specific area only, seismographs from that period weren't as sensitive as they are today they could measure only certain frequencies, meaning that low frequencies were lost, and large earthquakes were underestimated. Units serve as guides to a particular content or subject area. failure of the data to function on a particular system. Frame houses moved on foundations if not bolted down; loose panel walls thrown out. Today, we are going to look at the Mercalli Scale's damage rating and create a booklet to help inform citizens of potential danger. XI. }> Y'.a +*(Ezx.8 Considerable damage to ordinary buildings, Branches broken from trees. Landslides. %PDF-1.5 Remember that for each unit increase in magnitude: So, for example, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 releases over 1000 times more energy than a magnitude 5 earthquake. It describes the damage left by an earthquake, not the actual force of the earthquake. Atlanta, GA: "Cars in the Olympic parking lot were noted to sway slightly during last night's quake. In summary, the data of macroseismic intensity obtained from these 10 collected isoseismal maps have a MMI level in the range of II-IX and so cover almost all of the standard MMI levels (i.e., I-XII), to allow an investigation into the relationship between the MMI and PGA. The correlation coefficient (R2) for the shown linear regression is 0.9681. This is a complete binder of activities for Grades K-6. Damage to masonry; partial collapse. In comparison with these, the MMI-PGA relationship for Myanmar reported here illustrates that in the same engineering ground-motion level, that is the same PGA level, the MMI of Myanmar is reported at a lower level than those for the other region until level V. Figure 2. map for the M6.0 Napa, California earthquake on Some walls collapse. Krinitzsky, E.L. and Chang, F.K. 438483. Serious damage to reservoirs. To sum up, in the moment magnitude scale, the strength of the earthquake is tied up with the seismic moment, which depends on three physical parameters rigidity, area, and slip. Memoirs of the Geological Survey of India, 42, 1-140. Seismological Research Letters, 68, 128-153. fz9TqUU*W#&8| ^17'tJ@1J-aNWjz0 `&n-SK3W Iw{8 /. WebIntensity Witness Perceptions and Damage; I: Felt by very few people; barely noticeable. May feel like a heavy truck passing by. 135-138. Masks are expected for indoor activities. Thanks for your feedback! The contents of this digital library curriculum were developed under a grant from the Fund for the Improvement of Postsecondary Education (FIPSE), U.S. Department of Education, and National Science Foundation GK-12 grant no. Has anyone ever heard of the Mercalli scale? What to do during an earthquake? A new relationship between macroseismic intensity and engineering ground-motion parameter is contributed for the Myanmar region by comparing the MMI gathered from 10 isoseismal maps with the inferred PGA. Liquids are disturbed, some spilled. Like passing train, Books off shelves. This relationship, if substantiated, will be particularly useful in real-time applications for damage prediction or engineering parameter determination for earthquake ground shaking posed in or nearby to Myanmar. Check out the antipode calculator to learn more! It is constant for specific types of rock; DDD Average fault displacement (cm); the distance one block is relocated; and.
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