0 && stateHdr.searchDesk ? EXOTICISM (foreignness ).1 A TT marked by exoticism is one which constantly uses grammatical and cultural features imported from the ST with minimal adaptation. Said, Edward. SEE ALSO Cannibalism; Enlightenment; Gaze, Colonial; Gaze, The; Orientalism; Other, The; Prostitution; Sexuality; Stare, The; Stereotypes; Tourism; Travel and Travel Writing; White Supremacy. In Defence of Exoticism: Rescuing the Literary Imagination. Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art 66 (2016), Rembrandt and the Emergence of the Leiden Art Market, Tracing a Pose: Govert Flinck and the Emergence of the Van Dyckian Mode of Portraiture in Amsterdam, SWAN Review CAA Netherlandish Art in Its Global Context and Rembrandt and the Inspiration of India 20191218, Netherlandish Art and the World: A Conference on Global Art History, Utrecht, 25-27 October 2018, Allegory as Historical Method, or the Similarities between Amsterdam and Albania Reading Simon Gikandi's Slavery and the Culture of Taste, Rembrandt's Religious Paintings from 1630s, The Speelman Fellowship and Netherlandish Art in Cambridge, 'Defenders of the Image. This imaginary, however, dates back much further. Social Text, 15, pp. 303319. Benedict, Ruth A Closer Look at the Corpus Rubenianum and the Rembrandt Research Project.' Translating (human) gender German, Spanish, Hebrew, Arabic and Russian are just a handful of the many languages which have rich grammatical gender. <> Once associated with the exotic "Eastern" themes and styles of Eugene Delacroix's, James McNeill Whistler's, and John Singer Sargent's, Fantasy Alphaville: Journal of Film and Screen Media, 14, pp. (PDF) The translation of culturally specific items - ResearchGate Although this article examines how some contemporary world cinema filmmakers exoticise their own cultures, world cinema also exoticises other cultures. 1640. de Luca, 2013; Galt and Schoonover, 2010: 1517; Nagib, 2011; 2020. Learn more in the Cambridge English-Chinese simplified Dictionary. 1229. This would surely represent an untenable homogenisation of world cinemas actual diversity. London: I. Encompassing global art cinema as well as popular genre films and their transnational reception, world cinema is an amorphous and critically versatile concept that invites contestation and debate. Of special importance is Edward Saids description of Orientalism as a discursive construction of European fantasies. London and New York: Routledge. 6588. 2. The word exotic was first introduced into the English language in 1599, meaning alien, introduced from abroad, not indigenous. In A. Langer (Ed. More than a century of ethnographic research profoundly supports the theory of cultural relativity, the theory that, Benedict, Ruth . The fashionable Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, for example, had her portrait painted in a Turkish costume; the dissemination of stereotypes about the supposedly effeminate Orientals allowed her to appropriate the male garment of the turban without this being viewed as an act of cross-dressing. Realism of the Senses in World Cinema: The Experience of Physical Reality. I will explore how non-Western filmmakers, variously referred to as world cinema, postcolonial and diasporic, exoticise their own cultures, thereby enhancing the transnational appeal of their films. endobj The question is, when are you more loyal to one or the other. This is why I also think that Google Translate is not a perfect solution for translation at a professional level. Such a translation would emphasize that the text was written in German and would use such exoticisms lavishly. Insights and Discoveries, Amsterdam 2017, pp. Painted Collectors' Cabinets and the Display of Display in Counter-Reformation Antwerp', Netherlands Yearbook for History of Art. By bringing world cinema and exoticism into conversation with cultural translation I have sought to consider exoticisms heuristic potential outside the dominant ideological discourse and thereby challenge the overwhelmingly pejorative connotations surrounding the concept. Improve your vocabulary with English Vocabulary in Use from Cambridge. xviixxii. The foreignizing method of translating, a strategy Venuti also termed ' resistancy ' , is a non-fluent or estranging translation style designed to make visible the persistence of translator by highlighting the foreign identity of ST and protecting it from the ideological dominance of the target culture. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Chinese Cinemas (18961996) and Transnational Film Studies. Ashcroft, Bill, Gareth, Griffiths and Helen, Tiffin (2000). Your current browser may not support copying via this button. In cinema, Robert Flahertys ethnographic documentary Moana (USA, 1926) and Friedrich W. Murnaus feature film Tabu: A Story of the South Seas (USA, 1931) have established the South Sea film genre that continues to determine the exotic iconography of contemporary films set in this region. According to David Damrosch (2003: 175), works become world literature by being received into the space of a foreign culture, a space defined in many ways by the host cultures national tradition and the present needs of its own writers. Rather than conceiving of world literature as a canon of foreign literary masterpieces, Damrosch describes it as a mode of transnational circulation and reception that gains in translation. The attempt by the age of Enlightenment to study and describe the vast number of different peoples of this earth was thus soon reduced to a mere interest in costume and other extrinsic markers of otherness, which were eagerly displayed in the European homelands. 310 0 obj Notions of the exotic are associated with the lush vegetation of the tropics, geographically positioned between the Tropics of Capricorn and Cancer. Taxonomy of a Translation Thank you! Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, pp. 1 [1. Cultural transposition - SlideCrop.com Although her martial arts skills are unsurpassed, on several occasions, her heart blocks her from completing her deadly assignments. 158183. I am, of course, not suggesting that all world cinema filmmakers perform exoticism. 20 May. 'pa pdd chac-sb tc-bd bw hbr-20 hbss lpt-25' : 'hdn'">. Huggan, Graham (2001). 2023 . Add exoticism to one of your lists below, or create a new one. Offering a theoretical discussion of exoticism, alongside the closely related concepts of autoethnography and cultural translation, the article proposes that exoticism is a particular mode of aesthetic perception that is simultaneously anchored in the filmic text and elicited in the spectator in the process of transnational reception. A Recently Discovered Painting by Willlem de Poorter, From Painting Performances to Performing Paintings. Durham and London: Duke University Press. Coconut trees and torrid skies. Hou reduces the customary fast-paced battle scenes, which are the genres main attraction, to just a few brief moments. Imperial Eyes: Travel Writing and Transculturation. I seek to show that through vision and touch, and the proximity of objects to bodies in domestic environments, goods from all over the world become part of the material culture of the seventeenth-century Netherlands. Out of the ordinary: ways of saying that something is unusual (2), Cambridge University Press & Assessment 2023. 2004 (1994). Clarke, Roger (2016). Good stuff. Vibrant colours, ancient rituals and traditions (both real or invented), a sense of pastness or primitive backwardness in relation to the progressive West, iconic costumes like the loincloth, the sari or the cheongsam that essentialise cultural identities, topographies like the South Sea islands or the Amazonian rainforest, waterscapes covered in carpets of floating lotus flowers or bustling street markets, sensuality, lushness and abundance and a sense of enigma and mystery are all, in varying degrees and combinations, essential ingredients of exoticism. Museum Rietberg. <> Durham: Duke University Press. The emphasis exoticism places on sumptuous images and visual splendour shifts the attention from the films deeper meaning (such as specific historical events, social conventions and interactions articulated in the narrative) to the surface which not only shines but glosses, which looks, stares, and speaks (Chow, 1995: 150).5 Nowhere is this shift from the semantic core to surface appearance more apparent than in the films of Zhang Yimou which literally burst with bold saturated colours, a hallmark of his voluptuous visual style that is also emphasised in the titles of his films Hong Gao Liang (Red Sorghum, Zhang Yimou, China, 1987) and Raise the Red Lantern, and carefully composed painterly tableaus that invite audiences to feast their eyes on opulent interiors as well as on the enchanting beauty of Gong Li, the poster girl of Fifth Generation Chinese films (Khoo, 2007: 1) and first actress in the post-Maoist period to gain global recognition. Young, Robert J. Westerners, along with a westernized global elite, interact with one another against the background of scenery that refrains from challenging their privileges and supposed superiority. The study of world cinema is one of the most vibrant and fastest growing areas in film studies. This essay is based on the notion that the early modern world was shaped by connections that stretched across geographical, political and cultural boundaries. (USA/India/France/UK, 1988) and Monsoon Wedding (USA/India/Italy/Germany/France/UK, 2001) blend a documentary realist aesthetic (in the street scenes) with the exotic spectacle of vibrant colours (inside the Bombay brothel and at the Hindu wedding) and other exotic visual and narrative tropes, such as Indian poverty. Exotism Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster The different flora and fauna of their habitats the object of the exotic gaze, with all the inequities of power and agency this entails.2. cism ig-z-t-si-zm variants or less commonly exotism eg-z-ti-zm ek-s- : the quality or state of being exotic Example Sentences Find out the translation of exoticism to 25 languages with our English multilingual translator. ORIENTALISM . The chief attraction which both world literature and world cinema hold for their recipients is the promise of offering windows onto foreign worlds that are (imagined as) profoundly different from the West (cf. To save this word, you'll need to log in. ) |{)yQmiN,ax ,sT'NuX0%vV*8}i `Xus$LuY,mz@@^t\Dsw endobj Lost in Translation. <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF /Text]>>/Type/Page>> For instance, if I were translating the classic VW advertising text from the early 1990s, I might leave the German term for the joy of driving in German: Fahrvergngen. Any opinions in the examples do not represent the opinion of the Cambridge Dictionary editors or of Cambridge University Press or its licensors. Since exoticism invariably spectacularises cultural difference, it is regularly censured for concealing the uneven power hierarchies that undergird colonialism and its ideological and aesthetic legacies by offering visual pleasure, the implication being that visual pleasure is something like an opiate that anaesthetises the spectators critical capacities, thereby precluding intellectual interrogation and critical distance. Although this kind of cultural translation has, historically, been the domain of ethnography, it is by no means restricted to the scientific discourse on cultural difference. That is why exoticism has also been conceptualised as a form of cultural translation, namely the process by which one culture tries to make sense of another and not just their foreign language, but also their traditions, rituals and their entire way of life. When the concepts and structure of the source text can be easily translated into the target language, direct translation techniques are usually used. EXOTICISM | English meaning - Cambridge Dictionary % Like world cinema, exoticism is a travelling concept that depends on mobility and the crossing of cultural boundaries to come into existence. The Postcolonial Exotic: Marketing the Margins. London and New York: I. If you were to imagine a range of translation options from -2 to 0 to +2, -2 might be a translation that is as close or loyal as possible to the German source text. Chen has three wives already and Songlian, as his fourth wife or concubine, vies with the others for his attention and material favours, and much jealousy and intrigue ensue. Exoticism in the Enlightenment. You can email a link to this page to a colleague or librarian: The link was not copied. London: Arnold, pp. Childs, Elizabeth C. (2013). Nevertheless, these films also rely on pictorialism, spectacle and visual pleasure for their transnational appeal. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul. Their purpose is to show the exotic nature of the text. ]6[I N*"=EE}-Sw"E~U ?&7t'>#^/ NgtAftaes`VL^rxJ?^A*u]^460/cl!Jb|@x7 t{%hmLa s?hWmP'EDdTB.A0E*!W;hQV:&V2L^eC`%FIHJ59%]iRH/" 3%hY]hF,`bd582TP?I5MsLK`_I?+i%S~'}\9, `3+_0X~^xjdiD- 2r=nl>&ZP%I]ALL!4\~KD`hIBK:R+S }l.~q BFcN}uZ^9$2.:-w\wmle=w uCXBw0!I-(>|v!8Zb?. X5foOkYTa+*roQ>6RWJrt=$U5lP/U//MqHOFp +T[O She regards fiction films such as Chen Kaiges Huang tu di (Yellow Earth, China, 1984) and Zhang Yimous award-winning Ju Dou (China/Japan, 1990) and Dahong Denglong Gaogao gua (Raise the Red Lantern, China/Hong Kong/Taiwan, 1991) as a new type of ethnography practiced by those who were previously ethnographized and who have, in the postcolonial age, taken up the active task of ethnographizing their own cultures (Chow, 1995: 180). However, the limited scope of this essay and its focus on developing a model of transnational reception precluded me from pursuing these other lines of argument. It is used to give the reader a sense of something "exotic" and "unusual". 1630. "Post-Exoticism in Ten Lessons: Lesson Eleven" by Antoine Volodine [A At the same time, this incomplete understanding of the films deeper layers of meaning adds a residue of enigma and mystery. Retrieved April 27, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/social-sciences/applied-and-social-sciences-magazines/exoticism. Exoticism | Encyclopedia.com Vermeers Robe: Costume, Commerce, and Fantasy in the Early Modern Netherlands. Dutch Crossing 35 (2011), 17795. Loosely plotted around one of Disneylands hoariest theme-park rides (which, even after recent updates, still teems with faux savagery and denatured, Her affinity for combining chinoiserie, Moghul-style flowers, and Provenal accents surfaces subtly, giving the rooms a whiff of, Bhutan has often been ranked as one of the worlds happiest countries, and WeCroak seems to be trading on a casual, Puertas assemblages, with their fake tropical greenery, faux fur, lace, rhinestones and sexualized forms, represent the, There's no trace of her Asian background or even the, For decades, Bollywood movies, at least when they were released here, had an undeniable, The earliest pictures here, dating from the 19th century and taken of Indigenous North Americans by non-Native photographers, emphasize. Their common denominator is, as I shall illustrate, that they resonate with the multi-faceted iconography of exoticism. But at the same time, it is (like world cinema) a travelling concept that depends on mobility and the crossing of cultural boundaries to come into being. 33. In: Sheldon, Hsiao-peng Lu, ed., Transnational Chinese Cinemas: Identity, Nationhood, Gender. endobj https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/jan/21/the-assassin-review-captivatingly-hypnotic-if-impenetrable-wuxia-tale. The visual pleasure afforded by exotic cinemas sumptuous style is arguably the chief vehicle that allows world cinema to travel and be understood, or misunderstood, as the case may be, by transnational audiences who are potentially disadvantaged by a hermeneutic deficit of culturally specific knowledge when trying to understand films from outside their own cultural sphere. It begins, if we agree with Chow, with filmmakers internalisation of the exotic gaze or, alternatively, their strategic performance of exotic Otherness to satisfy the expectations of Western critics, festival juries and audiences. the quality of being exotic; "he loved the exoticism of Egypt". https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/raise-the-red-lantern-1992. Exoticism functions like a hermeneutic circuit that relies on the appropriation and reworking of established iconographic conventions and narrative tropes in order to be recognised as such. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds toupgrade your browser. Very interesting. In: Goethezeitportal [http://www.goethezeitportal.de/db/wiss/goethe/birus_weltliteratur.pdf]. ." Shapiro, Ron (2000). Much of contemporary world cinema is, in addition, also transnational in terms of its modes of global cultural production and funding. Exoticism. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary, Merriam-Webster, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exoticism. (LogOut/ And secondly, because the idea of an original, authentic, or pure Other culture, uncontaminated by Western and other influences is an essentialist fallacy, especially in a world of global interconnectedness and hybridisation, in which the very notion of cultural purity has become a fantasy. Hou Hsiao-hsiens first foray into the wuxia genre, The Assassin, deftly illustrates this. The Presence, Influence and Collection of Seventeenth-Century Netherlandish Art in Hungary, Bibliography to Sehnsucht Persien/The Fascination of Persia. On the other hand, if one wanted to completely get rid of the origins of the text and make it as user-friendly for the reader as possible, one would remove all such exoticisms and replace them with colloquial terms that any American would readily understand. The male protagonists crown of fern fronds and the young womans garland of leaves and bark skirt recall the almost identical natural attire of Matahi and Reri in Tabu and are a staple of visual representations of the South Pacific (Figure 1). Nagib, Lcia (2020). Preparing for your Cambridge English exam? Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. However, the relationship between realist and exoticist modes of representation is more complicated and they are not mutually exclusive. Negra, Diane (2002). Performing Exoticism and the Transnational Reception of World - Brill Usage explanations of natural written and spoken English, Taylor does not always demonstrate successfully his stated aim: to uncover the social and historical context of, As a result, his argument is sometimes unfocused, his central interest in the relationship between, They are, rather, narrative agents whose actions move the stories forward and develop the authenticity and, I also met people who were fascinated by my ', Dance is a constant in any exotic plot, and is at the heart of operatic. Exoticism in Spanish | English to Spanish Translation - SpanishDict Painting natural knowledge in the early seventeenth century, The History of the Dutch and Flemish Art Collection of the Szpmvszeti Mzeum. Such easily affordable, popular publications, in their turn, further reduced cultural otherness to a matter of costume, which, among other things, suggested that supposedly primitive natives of, for example, Australia could be forced to abjure their traditional identity merely by donning the clothes of a European gentleman. Lost in Translation: Exoticism in Early Modern Holland Claudia Swan Whilecontent andlanguageformacertain unityinthe original,like afruit andits skin,the languageofthe translationenvelopsits content likearoyal robe with amplefolds.For it signifiesamoreexalted languagethan itsown andthusremains unsuited to itscontent, overpowering andalien. In other words, the transnational dimension inherent in the concept of world cinema is constituted in the process of reception, as a film moves outside its own national sphere into another one. . Lost in Translation: Exoticism in Early Modern Holland Claudia Swan Art History Research output: Chapter in Book/Report/Conference proceeding Chapter Overview APA . The Persian-European Dialogue in Seventeenth-Century Art & Contemporary Art of Teheran, Rembrandt and everyday life: the fusion of genre and history, in Arthur J. DiFuria, ed., Genre Imagery in Early Modern Northern Europe: New Perspectives, London and New York: Routledge: An Ashgate Book, 2016, 161-182. Get ready with Test&Train, the online practice tool from Cambridge.Build your confidence with hundreds of exam questions with hints, tips and instant feedback. Raise the Red Lantern Review. ." %PDF-1.7 EXOTICISM | definition in the Cambridge English Dictionary Another Examples of Exoticism Exoticism in Translation While the term exotic denotes the imaginary qualities or essence of difference that are projected on to cultures as well as natural environments that are radically different from ones own, exoticism describes a particular representational strategy or, as Graham Huggan (2001: 13) writes in The Postcolonial Exotic, a mode of aesthetic perception [] which renders people, objects and places strange even as it domesticates them, and which effectively manufactures otherness even as it claims to surrender to its immanent mystery. In order for exoticism to enable the kind of imaginative investment that replaces cultural authenticity with the construction of an idealised (or, conversely, threatening) form of alterity, it needs to traverse spatial (and frequently also temporal) distances, as well as cultural and/or national borders. The term world cinema has been coined in analogy to Goethes conceptualisation of Weltliteratur (world literature) by which he meant not only foreign literature, but also the reception of domestic literature abroad as well as his own literary translations (Birus, 2004). exoticism translations: . By looking at a number of things in circulation in the early modern Netherlands, we can identify them as both global, in the sense of having travelled across long distances, having accumulated associations with the exotic, and as local, part of the cultural practices we have come to think of as Dutch. 1978. What does exoticism mean? Damrosch, David (2003) What Is World Literature? As exotic goods and materials become part of the domestic environment, global goods gain local meanings, and simultaneously bestow new layers of meaning on the material culture of the early modern Netherlands. London: Routledge. The cultural translation of world cinema corresponds with the de- and recontextualization of the exotic, whose alluring alterity only manifests itself when it is perceived by someone belonging to a different cultural sphere. Cultural translation denotes the transformative dynamic that is forged by the interaction of different cultures. xZr}WSj*n@o8N$Xm^R>#V.=Z*^f14O ~8:m.ng#/t75 r#fh!3R6b41B{)cP;[%f-u s.Qy']y30&>J;e3ocQ5w5#Nka\TYZ?}uZH6 wg]ls^Zmm Change), You are commenting using your Facebook account. Experimente el exotismo de la Medina de Marrakech. cat. Change). 1. International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences. Notes on Painterly Narrative in the Early Work of Rembrandt, The Odalisque. order to break the drawn-out silence, the Niouki summarized the stages that, according to her, post-exoticism had passed through since Minor Angels, Maria Clementi's first romnce, written in 1977. Previously, it was the role of China specialists to translate and introduce artistic works from China to the Western audience. Exoticism Definition & Meaning - Merriam-Webster Within that early modern connected world, material culture played a key role. Encyclopedia.com. It also applies to the various mechanisms of transnational film funding and co-production, circulation and distribution, since the selection procedures involved tend to privilege a particular type of global art cinema that promises to appeal to (metropolitan) cinephiles (cf. Raise the Red Lantern is set in the 1920s and tells the story of Songlian (Gong Li), a nineteen-year-old girl who is forced by her stepmother to marry the much older Master Chen after her father dies and her family goes bankrupt. Considering contemporary Chinese cinemas which, because of their regional dispersal across the Peoples Republic of China, Hong Kong, Taiwan and the Chinese diaspora, are widely regarded as a paradigmatic example of transnational cinema, Sheldon Hsiao-peng Lu (1997: 12) argues that, ironically, some films achieve transnational status precisely because they are seen as possessing an authentically national, Chinese, Oriental flavor by Western audiences. White Western writers, painters and filmmakers have equally partaken in the process of cultural translation by making foreign people, their cultures and traditions as well as ethnic minorities within their own national or cultural sphere. This entry was posted on April 15, 2010 at 2:56 pm and is filed under Uncategorized. Jameson, Fredric (1986). Pratt, Mary Louise (1992). You can download the paper by clicking the button above. In: Charles, Forsdick and David, Murphy, eds., Francophone Postcolonial Studies: A Critical Introduction. Kiernan, Victor Gordon. In: Isabel, Santaolalla, ed., New Exoticisms: Changing Patterns in the Construction of Otherness. There are three of these: 1. The Assassin. It constantly signals the exotic source culture and its cultural strangeness. 3. anything exotic, as a foreign word or idiom. Test your vocabulary with our fun image quizzes, Clear explanations of natural written and spoken English. The Island of Borneo evokes a powerful exoticism. FRAGMENTARY INVENTORY OF DECEASED DISSIDENTS. Was Van Vliet involved in some of Rembrandt's own etchings? a person, an institution, an animal, a plant etc.) 48 0 obj Cultural Translation, Cosmopolitanism and the Void. <> Guha, Ranajit, ed. In fact, Nichols compares the festivalgoers experience with that of an anthropological fieldworker (and tourist), who becomes submerged in an experience of difference, entering strange worlds, hearing unfamiliar languages, witnessing unusual styles (Nichols, 1994: 17). In: Matthew, Bernstein and Gaylyn, Studlar, eds., Visions of the East: Orientalism in Film. They expect world cinema filmmakers to continue the tradition of Third Cinema and use their films as platforms of postcolonial resistance, instead of becoming complicit in exoticising their own culture, even if this entails potentially forsaking critical or commercial success. Chow, Rey (1995). Europes Myths of Orient: Devise and Rule. Any opinions expressed in the examples do not represent those of Merriam-Webster or its editors.
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