(C). Strength and Classification of Hurricanes, Steering winds and atmospheric circulation, Rainfall patterns associated with hurricanes, Wind impacts on structures and vegetation, Influence on hurricane frequency and Intensity, Potential for increased inland penetration, Evacuation planning and emergency response, Building Codes and infrastructure resilience. It's the frequency at which a hurricane can be expected to pass within 50 nautical miles of a specific location. Nicholas K. Coch; Inland Damage from Hurricanes. Track changes in Hurricane Agnes. Infrastructure damage: Damage to farm buildings, fences, and other infrastructure can pose challenges for farmers in maintaining the safety and welfare of their animals. What role does climate change play in the behavior of hurricanes? However once a hurricane moves inland it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Many trees uprooted or snapped. Do not handle electrical equipment and do not use a landline unless it's an emergency. The quantitative relation between rainfall and topography is hard to define. Strengthened building codes: Building codes that account for the potential impacts of inland hurricanes can reduce property damage and protect lives. Williams and Guy (1971) described the reasons for the excessive rainfall, based on research by Schwarz (1970). The meteorological history of the New England Hurricane of September 21, 1938. However, once a hurricane moves inland, it can no longer draw on heat energy from the ocean and weakens rapidly to a tropical storm (39 to 73 mph winds) or tropical depression. Storm surges of 15-20 feet above normal tide levels occurred along the Bolivar Peninsula of Texas and in much of the Galveston Bay area. How far inland do hurricanes go in Florida? Rainfall map for Hurricane Agnes. (D) Gable-end roof failure. Thanks also go to the several people who provided archival photos of storm damage. While the peak surge often occurs at the landfall of a storm . If you are vacationers with young or elderly dependents. The weather station at nearby Shaw Air Force Base recorded sustained winds of 105 mi/h (169 km/h) (Sumter Item, 10 October 2019). In the case of Hurricane Iniki, the irregular topography inland (Figure 4) created more damage on the lee side. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). The hurricane itself contained a large amount of moisture at high elevations. Make sure to follow your local weather news channel for alerts. Sea salt, thrown up by the surf, blew far inland as far as 20 mi (32 km) (Emanuel, 2005a,b). Rainfall intensity and duration: The amount and duration of rainfall can determine the severity of inland flooding. They hope to build jetties in the waters off the coast so as to prevent future washouts. Tree damage was extensive (Sheffield and Thompson, 1992). Larger, more intense storms can penetrate farther inland, while factors such as mountainous terrain or dry atmospheric conditions can cause a hurricane to weaken more rapidly. The wind speed in Sumter County exceeded that in the landfall of Hugo in Charleston! Keep an eye on your inbox for more information. Contamination: Flooding can contaminate water supplies with pollutants and pathogens, posing health risks to affected communities. (E) Record flooding of the Connecticut River at Hartford, Connecticut. Brian Jarvinen, SLOSH expert (retired) at the National Hurricane Center, stated that the 1938 hurricane could have been a borderline category 4 storm just before landfall (Brian Jarvinen, personal communication, 1983). The change in temperature was recorded in Amherst, Massachusetts, as the hurricane passed over (Figure 19). Tannehill (1956) believed that the speed was slower and that the storm had a forward velocity of 56 mi/h (90 km/h) as it crossed the Long Island shoreline. The forward speed of the 1938 hurricane is shown on Figure 20. More heat energy collects and builds more clouds. Friction: Interaction with land increases surface friction, which disrupts a hurricanes circulation and weakens its winds. (1987). While most residents in Texas, Louisiana, Florida, and other hurricane prone areas understand just how intense hurricane winds and flooding can be, others may not be prepared for the various hazards a hurricane can present. The following analysis of wind dynamics is based largely on the research of Ted Fujita (Fujita, 1992), who produced detailed maps of the first (front of the eye) and second (back of the eye) wind fields on the island during the passage of Hurricane Iniki (Figure 5). How far inland do hurricanes go? Coastal home destruction at Crescent Beach, Massachusetts. How far inland do hurricanes go? (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper. Structural damage: Hurricane-force winds can cause significant damage to buildings, roofs, and other infrastructure. Many individuals helped to obtain information on the historic hurricanes described in this paper. For example, Tropical Storm Bill (2015) dumped 10 inches of rain in West Texas, leading to flash floods in Austin and San Antonio metro areas. They pack all the hazards of the planet's atmosphere: torrential rain, lightning, hail, high speed winds, and tornadoes. The 1938 hurricane moved north into the low-pressure trough between the two high-pressure ridges. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). And the eye of the hurricane is 30 miles in diameter. Wind-related hazards: Falling trees, debris, and structural damage caused by strong winds can result in injuries and fatalities. (A) Aerial view of radial dispersal of trees. The Texas Department of Public Safety counted nearly 35,000 . Flooding: Prolonged flooding can cause extensive crop loss by drowning plants, contaminating fields, and eroding topsoil. St. Thomas is a mountainous island, with a steep offshore slope similar to Kauai. All locations along the U.S. East and Gulf . Coastal flooding can reach far inland, tens of miles from the shoreline. The rainfall map of Brooks (1939) shows higher rainfalls over the Berkshire Mountains of Massachusetts and the White Mountains of New Hampshire in the 1938 hurricane. Fujita (1992) stated that the wind field was very chaotic, and he identified 26 microbursts (Figure 6). Minsinger (1988) reported that the Blue Hill Observatory, just south of Boston, recorded sustained winds of 120 mi/h (193 km/h) for 5 min around 1800 h. Emanuel (2005b) reported that subsequent examination of the record showed wind gusts as high as 186 mi/h (299 km/h) were estimated to have occurred at that site. Many home severely damaged, most trees snapped or uprooted. As a historical comparison, on September 8, 1900 the Galveston Hurricane of 1900 landed along a path similar to Ike's, bringing with it a storm surge that inundated most of Galveston Island, then Texas' largest city and a major U.S. port. Hurricanes are vast and complex systems, with distinct structural components that dictate their behavior and impacts. (G). Although the frequency is low, the consequences can be very high. Understanding the factors that influence hurricane formation, intensity, and inland penetration is essential for developing effective preparedness and mitigation strategies. Thursday. Factors affecting storm surge: The size, intensity, and speed of a hurricane, as well as the shape of the coastline and the ocean floor, all influence the height and extent of the storm surge. (F) Tidal flooding in downtown Providence, Rhode Island. The unprecedented rains in Virginia associated with the remnants of Hurricane Camille. The storm moved northward into Pennsylvania. In addition to high winds, a hurricane causes high tides. Hurricanes can travel up to 100 - 200 miles inland. Each major damage location is indicated on Figure 16A. The answer depends on many factors, including the size and strength of the storm, the topography of the land, and the angle at which the storm makes landfall. As a result, much of the city was destroyed and at least 6,000 people were killed in a few hours. Also, allow your generator to cool off before refilling it with gas splashing gas on hot generator components can lead to a fire. Determine escape routes from your home and a nearby place to meet, these places should be measured in tens of miles. The effects of large-scale upper level steering currents on the 1938 hurricane. If a hurricane's winds add 15 feet on top of the normal two feet ocean tide, this produces a 17 food storm tide, which can very easily sweep away buildings, trees, cars, and people. Damage extended from New York City east to Montauk Point (Figure 16B). (A) Wind channeling through valleys increases wind velocity. You can opt out at any time by clicking "unsubscribe" in an email. Seventeen days later, a high category 3 hurricane made a landfall on Long Island, New York. How far inland do hurricanes go in Florida? There was greater damage on the right side of Hugo's eyewall and great damage inland in Sumter County (Sheffield and Thompson, 1992). Inland hurricanes tend to weaken more rapidly than coastal hurricanes due to increased friction and a lack of energy from warm ocean waters. Formation: Tornadoes can form within a hurricanes rainbands due to the storms strong vertical wind shear and unstable atmospheric conditions. 24 hours before landfall: Overcast skies, high winds, sea foam on the ocean's surface. They can happen along any U.S. coast or in any territory in the Atlantic or Pacific oceans. (C) Tree uprooting. However, with time, these hardened structures would trap sand and increase downdrift erosion along the South Shore of Long Island (Coch, 2009). Join Direct Energy for a chance to win Yeti 3000X + (4) Tanks + Link + Home Integration Kit + 600-Watt Power Supply. Well-constructed frame homes could have damage to roof, tree branch damage. The eye, eyewall, and spiral rainbands are the primary components of a hurricanes structure, each contributing to the storms overall impacts. It is unfortunate that strong convection bands (Figure 13) were present at the same time that Hugo passed over eastern Sumter County. (Color for this figure is available in the online version of this paper.). Ocean temperatures and wind patterns play a crucial role in the formation and intensification of hurricanes. Infrastructure improvements: Enhancing the resilience of critical infrastructure, such as power grids, water systems, and transportation networks, can help minimize service disruptions and expedite recovery efforts. The 1938 hurricane and its effects on Long Island beach protection structures. Meet Richard Buettner, the esteemed editor of GeoAffairs, armed with a Master's degree in Geography and sharing his valuable insights through 25 years of dedicated experience in the field. The damage was extensive (Figure 14). Surprisingly, the phones worked, although the lines were down. Concentric rainbands: Heavy rainfall is often concentrated in the hurricanes spiral rainbands, which can produce torrential downpours and localized flooding. (10.515.5 cm) (Emanuel, 2005b). Near-total power loss is expected. How can communities prepare for and mitigate the effects of inland hurricanes? Sea surface temperatures: Warmer waters provide more energy, leading to stronger storms. (D) James River flood at Richmond, Virginia. At this time, there are occasional intrusions of polar air into the region. Howard (1939) stated that the strong wind gusts along the South Shore of Long Island at hurricane landfall allowed storm surge and superposed waves to breach higher portions of the dunes on the barrier islands (Figure 10D). Do not go outside, even if the storm seems to have subsided.
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